我国家庭婴幼儿照护支持制度的反思与完善

Reflection and Improvement of the Family Support System for Infant and Child Care in China

婴幼儿照护包括家庭照护与社会托育,其关涉人口增长、社会发展,属于当前社会供需矛盾相对突出的领域。21世纪以来,传统婴幼儿照护理论发生较大的变化,由补缺型福利供给向社会投资转化。反思我国在家庭婴幼儿照护支持领域的相关制度可以看到,该领域在基础保障性措施、福利发展性措施、环境营造性措施三方面都存在相应的不足,具体包括生育保险待遇的覆盖面与给付方式不合理、生育假的设置与使用待改进、家庭补贴的种类和效用有限、社区照护的质量有待提升。这些问题与家庭实现婴幼儿照护功能紧密相关,切实影响新生人口数量和质量。基于此,有必要优化生育保险待遇的覆盖范围和给付方式、改革生育津贴与假期制度实现生育成本的合理分担、探索多领域动态补贴机制、增强社区照护服务的情感性与专业性,综合发挥多主体积极作用,有效提升家庭育幼能力。

Infant and child care,which includes family care and social care,is related to population growth and social change.It is a field where the contradiction between supply and demand in society is relatively prominent.Since the 21st century,the traditional theory of infant and child care has undergone great changes,transforming from the provision of supplementary welfare to social investment.Reflecting on the relevant family support system in infant and child care,there are corresponding deficiencies in three aspects:basic security measures,welfare development measures,and environmental creation measures.In specific,those include the coverage of and payment options for maternity insurance,the arrangement of maternity leave,the type of family subsidies,and the quality of community care.All of these are closely related to the function of family care for infants and young children,which indeed affect the quantity and quality of the newborn population.On this basis,it is necessary to optimize the coverage of and payment options for maternity insurance,reform the system for maternity allowance and maternity leave to achieve a reasonable share of maternity costs,explore the dynamic subsidy mechanisms in multiple fields,and enhance the emotionality and professionalism of community-based care services,so as to comprehensively give full play to the active role of multiple stakeholders and effectively improve the family's ability to raise infants and children.