全国微量物证专业现状分析与发展对策研究

Current Situation Analysis and Development Strategy Research on the Trace Evidence Specialty in China

为全面了解我国刑事技术鉴定机构微量物证专业发展现状及存在问题,并提出对策建议,本文设计全国微量物证实验室建设情况调查问卷,应用问卷星对全国(不含港澳台)31个省、自治区、直辖市开展理化检验的307个刑事技术鉴定机构开展问卷调查,采用统计学方法对问卷结果进行分析。参与调查的307个刑事技术鉴定机构包括省(自治区、直辖市)级31个、地市级261个、区县级15个,其中通过国家实验室认可(CNAS)122个,未通过CNAS认可185个;通过资质认定304个,未通过资质认定3个;所有参与调查机构均设置理化检验实验室,绝大多数(301个,占比98.0%)未设置专门的微量物证检验部门;开展微量物证检验的机构224个,占比73.2%;307个鉴定机构共有理化检验技术人员1463人,平均每个实验室4.77人;专业技术人员以化学及相关专业为主,占比65.0%;GC-MS和GC是最常用的理化分析仪器,分别为409台和347台,扫描电镜/能谱仪(63台)和红外光谱仪(117台)等微量物证专业常用分析设备占比相对较小;助燃剂及燃烧残留物、火炸药及爆炸残留物、油漆、射击残留物、纤维为最常见的检验对象。专业技术人才的培养是制约微量物证专业发展最重要的因素。研究发现,我国微量物证专业发展存在问题主要包括:微量物证发现、提取与应用意识不强,实验室装备整体相对落后,微量物证检验技术体系不完善,信息化系统建设工作相对滞后等。当前我国微量物证实验室进入全面建设阶段,可通过明确微量物证专业界限、建设区域性微量物证专业实验室、完善微量物证技术方法体系、加强技术交流和培训推广、加强微量物证专业人才培养等方式,推动我国微量物证专业的发展。

To comprehensively understand the current situation and problems of the development of trace evidence specialty in criminal technology identifi cation organizations in China,and put forward countermeasures and suggestions,a questionnaire was designed to investigate the construction of trace evidence laboratories in China.307 provincial,municipal,district and county-level criminal technical identification organizations that carried out physical and chemical tests in 31 provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities directly under the Central Government(excluding Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan)were investigated with the Questionnaire Star.The results of the questionnaire were analyzed with statistical methods.The 307 criminal technology identifi cation organizations involved in the investigation included 31 provincial,261 municipal,and 15 district/county-level,including 121 that passed the national laboratory accreditation(CNAS)and 186 that hadn’t passed the CNAS accreditation;304 have passed the qualifi cation certifi cation,and 3 haven’t passed the qualifi cation certifi cation.All the criminal technical institutes involved in the investigation have set up physical and chemical testing laboratories,and the vast majority(301,accounting for 98.0%)have not set up a special trace evidence department.224 organizations carried out the examination of trace evidence,accounting for 73.2%.There are 1463 technicians in 307 laboratories,with an average of 4.77 in each laboratory.The professional and technical personnel are mainly chemical and related majors,accounting for 65.0%.GC-MS and GC are the most commonly used physical and chemical analysis instruments,with 409 and 3457 sets respectively.The common analysis equipment for trace evidence specialty,such as scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectrometer(SEM-EDS,63 sets)and infrared spectrometer(IR,117 sets),account for a relatively small proportion.Accelerants and fire residues,explosives and post-blast residues,paints,gunshot residues and fibers are the most commonly encountered evidence.The training of professional and technical personnel is the most important factor restricting the development of the trace evidence specialty.Research has found that there are some problems in the development of the trace evidence specialty in China,including the weak awareness of the discovery,collection and application of trace evidence,the relatively backward laboratory equipment,the imperfect technical system of trace evidence examination,and the relatively lagging information system construction.The trace evidence laboratory has entered the stage of comprehensive construction in China.The development of trace evidence specialty in China can be promoted by clarifying the professional boundaries of trace evidence,building regional trace evidence laboratories,improving the technical method system of trace evidence,strengthening technical exchanges,training and promotion,and strengthening the training of trace evidence professionals.