十一世纪藏语若干音变现象探析:基于《常用正字集要》的藏语语音史研究

A Study on the Phenomenon of Tibetan Sound Change in the 11th Century in Dag Yig Nyer Mkho Bsdus Pa

俄·洛丹西饶所著《常用正字集要》(dag yig nyer mkho bsdus pa)是一部研究藏语语音史的重要参考资料,不仅对后期正字法与语法著作起着深刻的影响,而且在完善藏语语法理论的系统化方面也具有举足轻重的作用。目前,学界尚未对《常用正字集要》中的音变内容进行过学理分析。本文运用现代语言学理论对《常用正字集要》所载的近音词进行分类和归纳,并结合相关藏文资料,比较现代卫藏方言的读音,实证了十一世纪藏语卫藏方言中的若干音变现象,即前置辅音r、l、s、g、d、b、m在清塞音k、塞擦音ts前的弱化现象;清塞音t、p、塞擦音tç前的脱落;在浊塞音g、d、b前的弱化或脱落现象;在清擦音ç、s、浊擦音z、z以及鼻音η、η、n前的弱化现象;在鼻音m前的脱落;前置辅音h、m在浊塞音g、塞擦音dz、dz前变为同部位的鼻冠音现象;在送气清塞音、塞擦音前的脱落现象;不带前置辅音的浊声母g、dz、d、b、dz、z、z的清化现象;带有前置辅音的浊塞音、塞擦音和擦音仍读浊音等的现象。此外,还探讨了后置辅音-j与基辅音的聘化、-r与舌尖、舌根、双唇等基辅音的卷舌化、-1前面的基辅音弱化,但以复辅音形式发音等现象。笔者认为以上音变现象大致发生在公元十世纪左右。

Dag Yig Nyer Mkho Bsdus Pa,edited in the 1lth century,is an essential material on the history of the Tibetan phonetic study.It not only seriously influences later works on the orthography and grammar,but also plays an important role to establish a systematic theory of the Tibetan grammar.At present,the academic community has not conducted a theoretical analysis of the phonetic changes in the Dag Yig Nyer Mkho Bsdus Pa.Therefore,this paper uses the modern linguistic theory to classify and summarize the near sound words contained in the Dag Yig Nyer Mkho Bsdus Pa,and combines the relevant Tibetan materials and the pronunciation of modern Bdus Gtsang dialect to demonstrate that the pre consonants r,l,s,g,d,b,m in the Tibetan Dbus Gtsang dialect in the eleventh century have weakened before the clear stop k,and affricate consonant ts;fall off before clear stop t,p and affricate consonant t c;weakened or fallen off before voiced stops g,d,and b;weakened before clear fricativeç、s,voiced fricative z、Z and nasal soundsη、η;fallen off before the nasal sound m;prepositive consonant h、M in voiced stop g,affricate consonant d,z become the nasal crown sound of the same part,and it has fallen off before aspirated clear plosives and affricate consonant.Voiced consonants g,d without preceding consonants z、d、b、dz、Z、Z,etc.have been cleared,while voiced stops,affricate consonant and fricatives with prepositional consonants still pronounce voiced sounds.In addition,the post consonant-j and the base consonant are combined into palatalization,-r and the base consonant such as tip of tongue,root of tongue,and double lips are combined into retroflexion,and the base consonant before-1 has been weakened,but is pronounced in the form of consonant cluster.The author believes that the above sound changes roughly occurred around the 11th century AD.