《工作系统人因/工效学设计与管理的原则和指南》在我国应用的策略

Application strategy of the Principles and Guidelines for Human Factors/Ergonomics(HFE) Design and Management of Work Systems in China

为提供有关工效学的深入信息和指导,国际劳工组织(ILO)颁布实施了系列关于人因/工效学(HFE)的公约、建议书和劳工大会决议,并出版了HFE指南和工具包。其中,2021年ILO与国际工效学协会发布HEF的国际指南《工作系统人因/工效学设计和管理的原则和指南》(以下简称《HEF指南》),旨在从工作系统可持续性角度,改善劳动者的职业安全与健康以及福祉。我国关于HEF的现行国家卫生标准有112项;其中,79项(占71%)标准等同采用自国际标准化组织的相关标准,且多数为推荐性标准,与国家职业卫生标准分属不同体系,未能满足我国职业人群工效学的适用性要求。与此同时,我国工效学能力尚无法满足劳动力群体的需求;且纳入我国职业病目录的与工效学有关的职业病与ILO比较仍有差距。未来我国需要重视《HEF指南》的应用,进一步完善职业卫生技术服务机制,将不良工效学导致的疾病纳入我国职业病名单,在国家职业卫生标准系统中强化工效学标准系统,积极推广应用行动导向的HFE工具,加强“人-机协同”和“人-岗匹配”,同时注重身体性和认知性HFE设计,以促进工作场所“人人平等”,减少职业病和工作相关疾病的发生。

To provide in-depth information and guidance on ergonomics,the International Labour Organization(ILO) had issued a series of conventions,recommendations,and resolutions on human factors/ergonomics(HFE) and had published HFE guides and toolkits.In 2021,the ILO and the International Ergonomics Association released an international guideline on HFE entitled Principles and Guidelines for Human Factors/Ergonomics(HFE) Design and Management of Work Systems(hereinafter referred to as the HEF Guidelines),aiming to improve the occupational safety,health,and the well-being of workers from the perspective of work system sustainability.There are currently 112 national health standards in China related to HFE,of which 79(accounting for 71%) are equivalent to relevant standards from the International Organization for Standardization.Most of the recommended standards do not meet the applicability requirements of HFE for the Chinese workforce,as they are different from the national occupational health standard system.At present,China′s HFE capability cannot meet the needs of the workforce,and there is still a gap between occupational diseases related to HFE included in the Occupational Disease List of China and those compared to the ILO.In the future,China needs to pay attention to the application of the HEF Guidelines,further improve the technical services for occupational health,include diseases caused by poor ergonomics in the national occupational disease list,strengthen the HFE standard system in the national occupational health standard system,actively promote the application of action-oriented HFE tools,enhance “human-machine coordination” and “person-job matching”,and focus on physical and cognitive HFE design to promote equality in workplace and reduce the occurrence of occupational and work-related diseases.