乾纲独断:康熙朝天主教传教政策的制定--以内务府佐理外事为中心

Dictatorial Management:The Formulation of Missionary Policies for Catholicism during the Kangxi Reign

康熙帝在位期间,以其敏锐与果敢,强势引导清廷天主教传教政策的更张。制度变革背后,内务府的角色不容轻忽。某种程度上,内务府及其属员参与协理外事,是传教士作为“域外工匠”出入造办处带来的结果。以造办处监造为中心的内务府属员,协助皇帝同传教士之间建立起相对直接的互动与接触,由他们构成的情报网络,成为康熙帝高效获取、理解西洋消息,进而制定、推行传教政策的重要倚仗。总体上,自康熙朝前期禁止传教政策的贯彻,至康熙三十一年自由传教政策制定,再到康熙四十五年领票传教制施行,清廷的传教士统御制度存在明显的“内廷化”倾向。

During the Kangxi Reign with courage and astuteness the emperor strengthened control over Catholic missionaries.In these institutional changes,Emperor Kangxi played an absolute and powerful lead role with his keenness and courage.Behind the formulation of these institutions was the long-term interaction and contact between the emperor and the Western missionaries.In the process,the Imperial Household Department gradually developed into an important“foreign relations agency”.To a certain extent,the participation of the Imperial Household Department and its officials in coordinating foreign affairs was the result of missionaries entering the Imperial Workshop as“foreign craftsmen”.The officials of the Imperial Household Department,centering on the Manufacturing Workshop Supervisors,assisted the emperor to establish relatively direct contact with the missionaries.The intelligence network thus formed became an important support for Emperor Kangxi to acquire and to understand Western news efficiently,and then formulate and implement missionary policies.Overall,from the implementation of the treaty the prohibition of proselytizing in the pre-Kangxi reign,to the formulation of the freedom to proselytize policy in 1692,and then to the application of the proselytizing license system,the institutions of missionary supervision had an obvious tendency to be“internalized”in the Qing court.