万寿菊秸秆粉末处理对镰孢菌的抑制及苹果连作土壤施用效果

Inhibition of Tagetes erecta Straw Powder on the Main Pathogens of Apple Continuous Cropping Obstacle and Its Field Application Effect

为探讨万寿菊秸秆粉末处理对苹果连作障碍相关病原镰孢菌的抑制作用及田间防治效果,在室内条件下研究了万寿菊秸秆粉末对4种镰孢属真菌(尖孢、腐皮、层出和串珠镰孢菌)的抑制效果;在田间条件下,以2年生苹果幼树(‘烟富3号’/M9T337)为试材,设置连作土对照、溴甲烷熏蒸、万寿菊混栽、0.5%和1%万寿菊秸秆粉末、0.5%和1%玉米芯粉末7个处理,研究其对苹果幼树生长及土壤微生态环境的影响。结果表明,万寿菊挥发性成分对4种镰孢菌菌丝生长具有较强的抑制作用,1.67~33.30g·L^(-1)万寿菊秸秆粉末用量对菌丝生长的抑制率为20%~100%,抑制率随用量增加而升高。万寿菊秸秆粉末处理的腐皮镰孢菌菌丝变细,分支增多,短小且杂乱,表面破损,逐渐皱缩塌陷,呈枯死状。凤毛寨试验地壤土条件下以0.5%万寿菊秸秆粉末处理的效果最好,湾头村试验地粘壤土条件下以1%万寿菊秸秆粉末处理的效果最好,苹果幼树的株高、地径和枝条年生长量等指标显著高于连作对照。经万寿菊处理的土壤酶活性均明显升高,土壤可培养细菌数量增加、真菌数量减少,细菌/真菌增加。在凤毛寨试验点,0.5%万寿菊秸秆粉末处理的青霉菌属相对丰度增加幅度最大,是连作对照的59倍。在湾头村试验点,万寿菊处理后土壤被孢霉属、毛壳菌属、青霉菌属的相对丰度均增加,其中青霉菌属增加幅度最大,1%万寿菊秸秆粉末处理的青霉菌属是连作对照的125倍。主坐标(PCoA)分析发现,凤毛寨和湾头村不同处理间土壤真菌群落结构差异显著。综上,万寿菊秸秆粉碎物可显著改善苹果连作土壤的微生物群落结构及土壤环境,减轻连作障碍对苹果幼树造成的危害,促进树体生长。

In order to explore the inhibitory effect and field control effect of Tagetes erecta straw powder on the pathogenic fungi related to apple replant disease(ARD),and the inhibitory effect of T.erecta on four Fusarium fung(i F.oxysporum,F.solani,F.proliferatum and F.verticillioides)was studied under indoor conditions.Under field conditions,two-year-old apple saplings(‘Yanfu 3’/M9T337)were used as test materials,and the effects of T.erecta straw powder on the growth of apple saplings and soil micro-ecological environment were studied.Seven treatments were designed as follows:replanted soil(control),methyl bromide fumigation,T.erecta mixed planting,0.5% and 1% T.erecta straw powder,0.5% and 1% corncob powder.The results showed that the volatile components of T.erecta had a strong inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of the four Fusarium species.The inhibition rate of mycelial growth was 20%-100% at the concentration of 1.67-33.30 g·L^(-1),and the inhibition rate increased with the increase of T.erecta dosage.The hyphae of F.solani treated with T.erecta was inhibited,the growth was messy,thin,the branches increased,short and thin,the hyphae gradually shrunken and collapsed,withered,and the surface was damaged.Under field conditions,the effect of 0.5% T.erecta straw powder treatment was the best in the Fengmaozhai test site,and the effect of 1% T.erecta straw powder treatment in the Wantoucun test site was the best.The plant height,ground diameter,and annual growth of branches of apple saplings were significantly higher than those of the control.The activities of soil enzymes treated with T.erecta were significantly increased;the number of culturable bacteria in the soil increased;the number of fungi decreased;the ratio of bacteria/fungus increased.In the Fengmaozhai test site,the relative abundance of Penicillium of 0.5% T.erecta powder treatment increased the most,which was 59 times that of the control.In Wantoucun test site,the relative abundances of Mortierella,Chaetomium,and Penicillium all increased after treatment,among which Penicillium increased the most,and the relative abundances of Penicillium with 1% T.erecta powder treatment was 125 times that of the control.Principal coordinate analysis(PCoA)showed that there were significant differences in soil fungal community structure of different treatments in Fengmaozhai and Wantoucun test sites.In conclusion,T.erecta straw crushed material can significantly improve soil microbial community structure and replanted soil environment,reduce the harm caused by ARD to apple saplings and promote the growth of apple saplings.