19世纪下半叶伦敦模范住房研究——以英国皮博迪基金的穷人公寓为例

The Model Housing in London in the Second Half of the 19th Century:A Case Study of Peabody Foundation's Apartment Program for the British Poor

19世纪的英国社会城市化进程中,城市中贫富悬殊,出现了贫民窟和伦敦东区这样的贫困地带。为此,皮博迪基金等慈善组织建设模范住宅来改善伦敦穷人糟糕的居住状况,建造了许多皮博迪广场住宅,打造了多层公寓大楼和中央庭院的公共空间,创造出一种价廉、简陋、结实成套公寓模式,为伦敦穷人营建了一种经济实用住宅。这种住宅不考虑受益者的国别、宗教与政治属性,把公寓居住权与社会道德建设的功能结合起来,并且从一开始就确保基金的可持续性。虽然皮博迪公寓存在不少缺陷,从功能到外观都招致批评,但它在为伦敦穷人提供社会保障住房方面的成就是有目共睹的。

In the process of urbanization in the British society in the 19th century,there was a disparity between the rich and poor in the cities,and there appeared slums and impoverished areas such as the East End of London.As a result,charitable organizations such as the Peabody Foundation have built model dwellings to improve the awful living conditions of the poor in London.For this reason,many Peabody Square dwellings have been built,and multi-storied apartment buildings and public spaces in the central courtyard have been created.These low-cost,austere and sturdy complete apartments have created a kind of economical and practical housing model for the poor in London.Without considering the national,religious and political attributes of the beneficiaries,this type of dwellings combines the function of apartment housing rights with social moral construction,and ensures the sustainability of the fund from the very beginning.Although in the Peabody Apartments,there are many flaws which have drawn criticism from functionality to appearance,its achievements in providing social housing for London's poor are obvious to all.