危害分析与关键控制点(HACCP)体系在金属餐厨具制造行业职业病危害评估与控制中的应用

Application of hazard analysis and critical control point system to the assessment and control of occupational hazards in metallic kitchenware and tableware manufacturing industry

目的建立危害分析与关键控制点(HACCP)体系,探讨用于金属餐厨具制造行业职业病危害评估与控制。方法2021—2022年选取云浮市8家金属厨具制造企业,利用危害分析原理进行职业危害调查和评估,找出关键控制点,提出有效控制措施,通过监测验证HACCP体系应用效果。结果金属餐厨具制造企业存在粉尘、噪声、化学毒物等职业病危害因素,矽尘、铝合金粉尘和棉尘岗位检测合格率分别为21.7%、54.8%和63.6%,噪声岗位检测合格率45.6%;职业性尘肺病检出率0.1%,双耳高频平均听阈≥40 dB者检出率9.3%。应用HACCP方法分析,确定抛光岗位粉尘(矽尘、棉尘及铝合金粉尘)危害、冲压及抛光岗位噪声危害为关键控制点,针对职业病防护设施技术工程、个体防护、职业健康监护和管理防护等关键点实施监控,抛光岗位矽尘、棉尘和铝合金粉尘检测合格率100.0%,冲压成型及抛光岗位噪声>90 dB(A)超标率由32.1%降至15.7%,但噪声岗位超标率较高,为74.5%。结论建立和应用HACCP体系能够有效评估和控制金属餐厨具制造行业粉尘危害,仍需要加强噪声作业个人防护、职业健康监护和管理防护监控。

Objective To develop a hazard analysis and critical control point(HACCP)system,and to examine its effect in the assessment and control of occupational hazards in metallic kitchenware and tableware manufacturing industry.Meth⁃ods Occupational hazards in eight metallic kitchenware enterprises selected from Yunfu City were investigated and as⁃sessed using principles of hazard analysis.The critical control points were identified and effective control measures were pro⁃posed,and the effect of HACCP system was verified using surveillance data.Results In this study,the occupational haz⁃ards identified mainly were dust,noise and toxic chemicals.The rates of silica dust,aluminum alloy dust,cotton dust and noise within the safe occupational exposure limits at workplace were 21.7%,54.8%,63.6%and 45.6%,respectively.The diagnosis rate of workers with occupational pneumoconiosis was 0.1%.There were 9.3%of workers diagnosed with average binaural high-frequency hearing threshold≥40 dB.After evaluating the hazards data using the HACCP,dust hazards(in⁃cluding silica dust,cotton dust and aluminum alloy dust)in polishing sites,and noise hazards in both stamping and polis⁃hing sites were identified as the critical control points.Through the implementation of effective control of engineering protec⁃tion,personal protection,workers’health surveillance and occupational safety management,the rates of silica dust,cotton dust and aluminum alloy dust in polishing sites within the safe occupational exposure limits were all 100.0%,and the excee⁃ded rate with a standard of 90 dB(A)of noise in stamping and polishing sites was decreased from 32.1%to 15.7%.But the exceeded rate of noise in noise-exposure site was still as high as 74.5%.Conclusion The dust hazard in metallic kitchen⁃ware and tableware manufacturing workplaces can be effectively assessed and controlled by establishing and implementing the HACCP system.Meanwhile,for operators working in noise environment,more efforts should be made to prevent noise harm,such as wearing individual protective equipment,conducting workers’health surveillance and monitoring occupation⁃al safety management.