抗西联东——俄乌冲突时期普京政府的对外政策

Resisting the West and Uniting the East:The Foreign Policy of the Putin Government during the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

俄乌冲突爆发后,西方对俄罗斯实施“升级版”制裁和遏制,普京政府被迫实行抗西联东对外政策,即抗衡西方、联合东方,以服务于俄实现在乌克兰的军事和政治目标、维护俄国家安全和大国地位。俄罗斯坚决抵制西方经济制裁,在乌克兰和欧洲—大西洋地区同美国和北约进行军事对抗,与西方展开“外交战”。普京政府加强同东方国家和东方国际组织的经济与政治合作,为俄罗斯抗衡西方提供经济助力和外交支持,主要举措为:加强与中国的战略协作伙伴关系,发展与印度的特惠战略伙伴关系,维护其在欧亚地区的传统影响,积极参与上海合作组织和金砖国家等东方国际组织框架下的合作等。2023年版《俄罗斯联邦对外政策构想》确认了抗西联东政策,反映出俄要走独特发展道路、放弃“融入欧洲”愿景的战略转变。用安全、发展和文明认同三个标准衡量,俄罗斯抗西联东政策不甚成功。但是鉴于俄乌冲突和俄罗斯与西方对抗长期化等因素,在2024年以后俄抗西联东政策仍将延续。

After the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict,the West imposed an"upgraded version"of sanctions and containment on Russia.The Putin government was forced to implement a foreign policy of resisting the West and uniting with the East,which served Russia's military and political goals in Ukraine as well as safeguarded Russia's national security and status as a great power.Russia resolutely resisted Western economic sanctions,conducted military confrontation with the US and NATO in Ukraine and the Euro-Atlantic region,and waged a"diplomatic war"with the West.At the same time,the Putin government has strengthened economic and political cooperation with Eastern countries and international organizations,which provided economic and diplomatic support for Russia to counter the West.Specifically,Russia's main methods include strengthening its strategic partnership with China,developing a preferential strategic partnership with India,maintaining its traditional influence in the Eurasian region,and actively participating in cooperation under the framework of Eastern international organizations such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the BRICS.Russia's 2023 Foreign Policy Concept confirms the policy of resisting the West and uniting the East,reflecting Russia's strategic transformation of pursuing a unique development path and abandoning the vision of"integrating into Europe".Measured by the three criteria of security,development and civilization identity,Russia's policy of resisting the West and uniting the East has not been very successful.However,in view of factors such as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the long-term confrontation between Russia and the West,Russia will maintain its current foreign policy after 2024.