日本婴幼儿保教安全管理机制的特点与启示——基于2013—2020年安全事故的数据分析

The characteristics and the implications of safety management mechanism of early childhood education and care institutions in Japan:an analysis based on safety accidents data from 2013 to 2020

日本自2004年开始已逐渐形成了较为成熟的婴幼儿保教安全事故数据库,分析2013—2020年0~6岁婴幼儿的安全事故数据发现,0~3岁为婴幼儿死亡高发期,4~6岁为婴幼儿负伤高发期,负伤类型中占比最高的是骨折事故,且事故多发生在室内。基于2000年以后日本预防保教机构安全事故的政府文件及安全事故防治模范城市的优秀事例分析,日本保教安全管理机制主要体现出三大特征:“全种类·全流程·全方位”式的安全监管机制,全国性安全事故数据库平台的构建及自下而上的重大事故汇报机制。基于日本安全管理经验,建议从一元化数据库的搭建,中央与地方联动的安全监管机制及安全管理人才培养等方面入手,健全我国婴幼儿保教工作的安全管理机制。

Since 2004,Japan has gradually constructed a relatively mature database of children’s safety accidents.By analyzing the safety accidents data of children aged 0-6 years from 2013 to 2020,it is found that there is a high incidence of infant death at the ages of 0-3,and a high incidence of child injury at the ages of 4-6.Among the types of injuries,fracture accidents account for the largest proportion,and most acci-dents occur indoors.Based on the government documents on the prevention of safety accidents in education and care institutions in Japan after 2000 and the analysis of a model city of safety accident prevention,the safety management mechanism mainly embodies three characteristics:the safety supervision mechanism of“all types,all processes and all aspects”,the construction of a national safety accidents database platform and the bottom-up major accidents reporting mechanism.On the basis of the above experience,it is recommended to improve the early childhood education and care system in our country from the following aspects:the construc-tion of a unified database,a safety supervision mechanism linked between the central and local governments,and the cultivation of safety management talents.