传统聚落景观形态基因图谱研究——以湘江流域为例

Map of traditional settlement landscape morphology gene:A case study of the Xiangjiang River Basin

文化景观是地理学研究的重要对象之一,而聚落为文化景观的重要构成。本文在文化景观基因内涵进行剖析的基础上,结合传统聚落的形态构成及感知结构,从环境、布局、边界、标志物、道路以及住宅6个方面来解析传统聚落的景观形态基因。以湘江流域为研究区域,通过对上中下游案例聚落形态基因的提取、转译与比对,形成文化景观形态基因图谱及编码序列图谱。在对编码序列图谱的比较分析中,得出如下结果:①相同景观形态基因。流域内传统聚落多依山而建,村前开塘,河流或溪涧环绕,多祠庙,村内常见桥梁、门楼、水井及古树,民居建筑基本以中轴对称、围合及天井为基本规则;②差异景观形态基因。中上游多为集聚形态,有较为清晰的水体边界,村内常见单栋的书房或书院;上游和下游多使用围墙围合,且民居易纵向延伸,形成多进住宅;在独特性上,上游聚落前多有案山作为屏障,聚落布局顺应山势呈“弧形”拓展,道路网络也多变体,多筑有风水阁塔,以求地方文武兴盛;中游多方正布局,主体路网也呈“网格”状,多设商铺街道;下游聚落离散分布,干枝状连接各处住宅,多南方大屋,布置庭院,两侧布置横屋。最后通过两张图谱呈现了湘江流域内传统聚落文化景观多位形态基因的空间分布规律。

Cultural landscape is one of the important objects in geographical research,and settlement is an important component of cultural landscape.On the basis of analyzing the gene connotation of cultural landscape,combining with the morphological composition and perceptual structure of traditional settlements,this study believes that the landscape morphological genes of traditional settlements can be analyzed from six aspects:environment,layout,boundary,marker,road and house.In this paper,the Xiangjiang River Basin is taken as the research area,through extracting,translating and comparing the morphological genes of the upper,middle and lower reaches of the case settlements,the paper forms morphological gene map and coding sequence map of cultural landscape.In the comparative analysis of coding sequence maps,the results are as follows:1)The same landscape morphological genes.Most of the traditional settlements in the river basin are built on side of the mountains,and there is often a pond in front of the village,which is often bordered by the water body.There are many ancestral halls and folk traditional beliefs constructions,bridges,gate towers,wells,and ancient trees are common in the villages;2)Different landscape morphological genes.Most of the settlements in the middle and upper reaches are in the form of agglomeration,with clear water boundaries.Single traditional study houses or academies are common in the village.The upstream and downstream settlements are often enclosed by walls,and the dwellings mostly extend longitudinally,and form multi-entry dwellings.In terms of uniqueness,most of the upstream settlements have small hill before the village as a barrier.The layout of the settlements expands in an"arc"shape in accordance with the mountain situation,and the road network is also varied,and many Feng-Shui pavilions or pagodas are built to pray for the prosperity of local civil and military.The middle reaches'settlements often have square layout,the main road network is also in the shape of a"grid",mostly set up shop streets.The downstream settlements are discretely distributed,and the roads are branched and connected to the houses everywhere,and there are many large residences called"South Large House",inside which courtyards are arranged,and horizontal houses are arranged on both sides.On the whole,this study presents the spatial distribution of multiple morphologic genes in the traditional settlement cultural landscape in the Xiang River basin through the two maps.