日本科技领域是否存在“举国体制”——以半导体技术攻关为考察对象

Is there a“Nationwide System”in field of science and technology in Japan?——Survey of semiconductor technology

日本政府在科技领域采用的“有机开发体制”“整合推进体制”和“产学官合作”机制,取得了巨大成效,但对于这种模式是否属于“举国体制”,学界存在不同认识。不同学者对“举国体制”内涵和特征的解读存在差异,对日本政府实施的攻关做法是否属于“举国体制”存在争议。文章梳理归纳科技领域“举国体制”内涵特征,选取日本半导体技术攻关为案例,从实证角度论证其做法体现了“举国体制”特征。文章还对日本半导体技术攻关“举国体制”的产业化目标导向、“大企业本位研发体制”、国立科研机构在应用研究和协调管理上的“双重职能”,以及日本政府在技术资助领域和项目遴选标准上的做法和经验进行总结。最后对“举国体制”的局限性进行了探讨,提出应全面、客观看待日本“举国体制”模式的成功要因,避免夸大该模式对技术研发所发挥的作用,以此加深国内对日本技术攻关模式的研究与认识,以期能够为我国推进和完善科技领域“举国体制”提供一些参考。

Different scholars interpret the connotations and characteristics of the“Nationwide System”in quite different ways and fail to reach a consensus about whether some measures that Japan implements to tackle key problems are attributed to a“Nationwide System”.On this basis,the work started with the connotations and characteristics of the“Nationwide System”in the field of science and technology,conducted a case study of measures taken by Japan to tackle key technical problems in the semiconductor technology,and analyzed whether these measures embody relevant characteristics of the“Nationwide System”from an empirical perspective,so as to demonstrate whether there is a“Nationwide System”in the field of science and technology in Japan.Last,its characteristics or relevant experience were summarized,to deepen the study and recognition of the Japanese model for tackling key technical problems in the hope of providing references for promoting and improving the“Nationwide System”in the field of science and technology in China.