明初北京廊房考——以《宛署杂记》所见为中心

Study on Langfang in Beijing in the Early Ming Dynasty--Centering on Records of Wanping County

《宛署杂记》是明代宛平县志,其中河字卷“廊头”对明初北京的廊房有较为详细的介绍,结合其他史料,“廊房”应为明统治者将南京经验带到了北京,并依据需要作了一些改变。明初廊房主要以民用租房为主,商用房(店房,用来存放货物)较少,两者比例大约为48∶1,所有权归国家,民用廊房租住者以京外来民居多,相当于现代社会的“公租房”。其目的是规范外来人口、繁荣商业,虽有专人管理,在运行过程中也出现了被权贵霸占、租金收取困难等问题。明初北京廊房的设置是城市建设的一部分,是疏解内城人口、规范城市秩序、经济发展的需要,对百姓生活、商业发展起到了促进作用。

Records of Wanping County is the records of Wanping county in Ming Dynasty,in which the"Langtou"in He Volume gives a detailed introduction to the Langfang of Beijing in the early Ming Dynasty.Combined with other historical materials,Langfang must be based on the experience of Nanjing brought to Beijing by Ming rulers who made some changes according to needs.In the early Ming Dynasty,Langfang was mainly civil rental houses,while there were relatively fewer commercial houses(shops,used to store goods).The proportion of the two was about 48:1,and the ownership belonged to the country.The tenants of Langfang were mostly from outside Beijing,which was equivalent to"public rental houses"in modern society.The purpose was to regulate the population from outside and make business prosper.Although it was managed by special personnel,there were also problems in the operation process such as being occupied by the powerful and being difficult to collect rent.In the early Ming Dynasty,Langfang was a part of urban construction,for the need of inner city population dispersal,urban order regulation and economic development,and played a role in promoting people's life and business development.