中美花生捡拾技术研究现状与发展分析

Technology Research Status and Development of Peanut Pickup Device of China and the United States

捡拾装置作为花生捡拾收获机的关键组成部分,其工作质量不仅直接影响花生捡拾率、荚果损失和损伤,也是决定收获效率和作业质量的关键。为探明我国花生捡拾收获机捡拾装置存在的问题及其原因,提高捡拾作业质量,结合捡拾装置关键技术研究并运用实地调研、文献研究法和经验总结法等方法,系统分析了美国两段式花生联合收获机捡拾装置发展历史及不同历史阶段花生收获方式对捡拾装置的要求,总结了捡拾装置结构类型、工作原理和关键部件等技术衍变过程。研究表明:美国花生种植模式,收获方式的变革是花生捡拾装置结构改变的主要动因。随着生产规模扩大,捡拾装置由齿带式、滑道滚筒式到无滑道滚筒式,捡拾装置逐渐简化。花生放铺方式由果朝一侧改变为荚果朝上,改变了花生条铺的捡拾特性,是弹齿滚筒捡拾装置简化和去除凸轮滑道机构的前提和关键;我国两段式花生联合收获机以中小型为主,其捡拾装置主要包括滑道弹齿滚筒式、无滑道弹齿滚筒式、伸缩扒指式等多种捡拾装置,并配有辅助捡拾装置(拨禾轮、弹性压草指等)。存在捡拾装置结构复杂、技术水平不高等问题,难以满足我国当前花生机械收获要求。其主要原因为:捡拾装置缺乏设计标准和理论依据,对影响花生捡拾特性的农艺因素研究不够深入。基于我国花生生产要求和美国花生捡拾装置的成功经验,提出两方面建议:农机农艺紧密结合,改变直立型花生植株放铺方式和捡拾特性,达到简化捡拾机构的目的;提升捡拾装置设计理论水平,根据花生条铺捡拾特性和捡拾要求,深入分析捡拾机构工作原理,整体优化捡拾机构参数,是提高捡拾装置工作质量和适应性的前提和关键。

The picking device,as a key component of the peanut harvesting machine,directly affects the peanut picking rate and pod loss rate,and the harvesting efficiency and operation quality as well.The development history of the picking device of the two-stage peanut combine harvester in the United States and the requirements of peanut harvesting methods at different historical stages for the picking device are systematically analyzed in this paper,based on investigation of key technology of the picking device and site survey,literature research,and experience summary,to identify the problems and causes of the peanut picking device in China and improve the quality of the picking operation.The structural types of the picking device,the technological evolution process of working principles and key components are summarized.The results show that the change of peanut planting pattern and harvesting method in the United States is the main reason for the change of the structure of peanut pickup device.With the expansion of production scale,the pickup device gradually simplified from tooth belt type,slide drum type to none slide drum type.The peanut plants laying mode changed from the swath transverse to forward direction to parallel to forward direction with pods on top,leading to the change of the picking characteristics of peanut plants swath,which is the premise and key of the simplification of the pickup device and the removal of cam slide mechanism in spring-tooth drum pickup device.In China,the two-stage peanut combine harvesters are mainly small and medium-sized,the pickup device includes spring-tooth drum type,spring-tooth drum without slideway type,telescopic finger type and so on,and equipped with auxiliary pickup appliances(reels,elastic finger and so on).Currently,the pickup device in China has a complex structure with low technical level,which can hardly meet the peanut mechanized harvest demand in the country.The main reasons are taht the lack of design standards and theoretical basis of the pickup device,and the insufficient research of agronomic factors affecting the peanut picking characteristics.Based on the requirements of peanut production in China and the successful experience of peanut pickup device in the United States,this paper put forward two suggestions:Closely integrating the agricultural machinery and the agronomy,changing the current upright peanut plants laying and the characteristics of peanut picking,so as to simplify the pickup device;According to the peanut plants laying characteristics and picking requirement,improve the design theory of the picking device by deeply analyzing the working principle of the pickup mechanism and optimizing the overall parameters of the pickup device.