江苏沿江地区不同地力水平下油菜的肥料效应分析

Fertilization Effect of Rapeseed under Different Soil Fertilities in Region along Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province

以油菜品种宁杂1818为试验材料,设置8种施肥处理(N_(0)P_(0)K_(0):不施肥;N_(0)P_(2)K_(2):不施氮;N_(2)P_(0)K_(2):不施磷;N_(2)P_(2)K_(0):不施钾;N_(1)P_(2)K_(2):减施氮;N_(2)P_(1)K_(2):减施磷;N_(2)P_(2)K_(1):减施钾;N_(2)P_(2)K_(2):当地习惯氮、磷、钾施用量),于2016—2017年在扬州市江都区开展田间试验,探明不同地力条件下(以土壤有机质含量分为低、中、高3种地力水平)氮、磷、钾配比对油菜主要农艺性状、籽粒产量、经济效益和肥料利用率的影响,为不同地力条件下油菜施肥提供理论依据。结果表明,与不施肥(N_(0)P_(0)K_(0))相比,其他施肥处理均可改善油菜株高、茎粗、有效分枝数、单株角果数、每角粒数和千粒质量等农艺性状,进而提高油菜籽产量,增加经济效益,其中氮素对油菜生长的影响最显著。不同地力水平土壤在N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)处理下油菜产量均达到最高值,且同一施肥方式下油菜产量与土壤地力水平有关,具体表现为高地力>中地力>低地力;各施肥处理下氮、磷、钾利用率在不同地力水平表现不同,其中氮肥利用率在中地力N_(1)P_(2)K_(2)处理下表现最高,磷肥利用率在高地力N_(2)P_(1)K_(2)处理下表现最高,钾肥利用率在中地力N_(2)P_(2)K_(1)处理下表现最高;不同地力水平下氮、磷、钾配施对油菜生产经济效益的影响不同,低地力土壤以N_(2)P_(2)K_(1)、N_(2)P_(1)K_(2)、N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)处理效果较佳,中、高地力土壤以N_(2)P_(2)K_(1)、N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)处理效果较佳。综合分析,拟推荐该地区在施加氮肥(N)208 kg/hm^(2)基础上,低地力土壤中磷肥(P_(2)O_(5))和钾肥(K_(2)O)适宜用量分别为47~78 kg/hm^(2)和54~90 kg/hm^(2);中、高地力土壤中磷肥(P_(2)O_(5))和钾肥(K_(2)O)适宜施用量均分别为78 kg/hm^(2)和54~90 kg/hm^(2)。

The rapeseed cultivar Ningza 1818 was used as the experimental material,and eight fertilization treatments(N_0P_0K_0:no fertilization;N_0P_(2)K_(2):no nitrogen application;N_(2)P_0K_(2):no phosphorus application;N_(2)P_(2)K_0:no potassium application;N_1P_(2)K_(2):nitrogen reduction;N_(2)P_1K_(2):phosphorus reduction;N_(2)P_(2)K_1:potassium reduction;N_(2)P_(2)K_(2):local customary nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium application)were set.An experiment was conducted in Jiangdu District of Yangzhou City from 2016 to 2017.And the effects of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium ratio on agronomic character,grain yield,economic benefit,and fertilizer agronomic efficiency were investigated,aiming to provide a theoretical basis for best nutrient management according to soil fertility.The results showed that fertilization could improve the plant height,stem diameter,number of branches,number of kernels per plant,number of seeds per silique,and the weight of 1 000 kernels,with obvious improvement in the seed yield and economic benefit compared with the treatment of CK(without fertilization).The nitrogen was the most significant nutritional factor.The N_(2)P_(2)K_(2treatment) had the highest yield under different soil fertility conditions.The yield differed with soil fertility as high fertility soilmedium fertility soillow fertility soil under the same fertilization mode.The utilization rates of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium were different under different soil fertility condition.The N_1P_(2)K_(2treatment) had the highest agronomic efficiency of N in medium fertility soil.The N_(2)P_1K_(2treatment) had the highest agronomic efficiency of P in high fertility soil.The N_(2)P_(2)K_(1treatment) had the highest agronomic efficiency of K in medium fertility soil.The effects of N,P,and K fertilizers on the economic benefit of rapeseed were different under different soil fertility condition.The effects of N_(2)P_(2)K_1,N_(2)P_1K_(2),and N_(2)P_(2)K_(2treatments) were better in low fertility soil,and the effects of N_(2)P_(2)K_(1and) N_(2)P_(2)K_(2treatments) were better in medium and high fertility soils.Comprehensive analysis showed that the recommended fertilizer rates for rapeseed in low fertility soil were 47—78 kg/ha of P_(2)O_(5and) 54—90 kg/ha of K_(2O) under the condition of nitrogen fertilizer applied at 208 kg/ha.The recommended optimum fertilizer amounts of P_(2)O_(5),K_(2O) were 78,54—90 kg/ha in high or medium fertility soil.