官僚场域的还原与共和主义的规范——论布迪厄国家学说的双重面孔

Reduction of Bureaucratic Field and the Norm of Republicanism:On the Dual Faces of Bourdieu’s Theory of the State

国家理论近来受到布迪厄等人影响出现了“文化转向”的趋势,然而布迪厄本人的国家学说却隐而未彰。本文基于布迪厄在法兰西公学院的系列讲座汇集而成的《论国家》及相关文本,通过官僚场域的还原与共和主义的规范两个核心问题来揭示布迪厄国家学说的双重面孔。首先,布迪厄以正当地垄断象征暴力重新界定现代国家并展开认识论反思,此为其国家学说的起点。其次,布迪厄通过“生成结构主义”方法论来揭示现代官僚场域得以生成的实践逻辑,对现代国家的“魔法”进行了社会学还原。最后,本文试图通过对布迪厄国家学说的分析进一步体察其晚年思想的“政治转向”。除了揭露“国家魔法”的支配性面孔外,布迪厄晚年更为重视现代国家的规范性面孔,并在政治实践和理论取向上回归以涂尔干为代表的法国共和主义国家传统。总之,现代国家的双重面孔既构成了布迪厄国家学说的内在张力,又提供了一种迈向文化视角的国家理论新思路。

The state theory has recently been influenced by Bourdieu and shows a trend of“cultural turn”.However,Bourdieu’s theory on the state some⁃how has rarely been discussed as an overt theme.In this paper,the authors aim to unveil“the Dual Faces”of the state by interpreting the reduction of the bu⁃reaucratic field and the norm of republicanism,in order to explore Bourdieu’s theory on the state systematically based on his lectures at the College de France.First,Bourdieu creates the concept of“legitimate monopoly of symbolic power”to redefine the modern state and further developing his epistemological reflection on the state as a starting point.Second,Bourdieu attempts to reveal the practical logic of the bureaucratic field and realizes a sociological reduction of state magic by employing a methodology of genetic structuralism.Third,this paper attempts to analyze the“political turn”of Bourdieu’s thoughts in his fi⁃nal years through the lens of his state theory,in which he emphasizes more on the normative face of the modern state rather than its dominant face.Moreover,Bourdieu returns both theoretically and practically to the French tradition of re⁃publicanism represented by Emil Durkheim.In sum,the dual faces of the mod⁃ern state exhibits not only the inner tension of Bourdieu’s state theory but also provides a new cultural perspective toward it.