生物降解微塑料的机制和研究现状

Mechanism and research status of biodegradable microplastics

综述微塑料的种类、危害以及生物降解微塑料的影响因素以及昆虫、微生物、酶降解微塑料的现状及降解机制。根据研究现状,提出生物降解微塑料的研究方向:(1)研究昆虫肠道微生物菌群、宿主、营养摄食三方共协关系。利用代谢组学,研究脂肪、蛋白质以及以微塑料为碳源的代谢机制,研究昆虫分泌消化酶的种类和触发机制。(2)研究微生物分泌胞外、胞内降解酶的种类,借助人工合成技术,合成分泌酶,利用合成的外酶,加快对微塑料内部结构渗透、解聚。研究微生物降解微塑料的机制,以及影响降解的生物性和非生物性因素,确定微生物不竞争、和平共生的条件,采用多种微生物联合共协,配合微塑料物理化学降解方法,为微生物降解微塑料提供新思路。(3)找寻研究更多的降解酶。对目前确定能降解微塑料的酶类借助人工技术合成,研究昆虫摄食降解和人工合成酶、微生物降解和人工合成酶分别与微塑料物理化学降解方法联合使用的可行性。研究思路并行,学科交叉,降解方法共协,为生物降解微塑料提供理论基础。

The types and hazards of microplastics and the influencing factors of microplastic biodegradation are comprehensively described,as well as the current situation and the mechanism of microplastic degradation through insects,germs,and enzymes.The study direction of microplastic biodegradation is propose based on the current studies:(1)Study the trilateral correlated relations among insect enteric microbial communities,hosts and nutrient digestion.Make use of the metabonomics to study the metabolic mechanism of fat,protein,and microplastic carbon source,as well as the categories of the digestive enzymes produced by insects and their trigger mechanisms.(2)Study the categories of extracellular and intracellular degrading enzymes produced by germs,compose secretase with synthetic technology,and employ the synthesized extracellular enzyme to accelerate the permeation and degradation of the inside structure of the microplastic.Study the microplastic degradation mechanism and the biological and non-biological factors that impact the degradation,clarify the conditions for germs to live in harmony and free of competition,and provide new thoughts for microplastic biodegradation by applying the combination and coordination of kinds of germs in cooperation with physical and chemical microplastic degradation methods.(3)Search and study more degrading enzymes.Compose the enzymes which are known to be capable of degrading microplastics with artificial technologies,and combine the physical and chemical microplastic degradation methods respectively with the insect digestion degradation,the artificial synthetase and micro-biological degradation and the artificial synthetase degradation,and study their feasibility.Therefore,the theoretical foundation for microplastic degradation is laid through paralleled study thoughts,interdiscipline and coordinated degradation methods.