适用技术的产生:德国克虏伯火炮技术在中国的本土化(1866~1932)

The Emergence off Appropriate Technology:The Localization of German Krupp Artillery Technology in China(1866-1932)

中国的军事技术从传统向现代转型具有全球影响,过程曲折而漫长。19下半叶至20世纪初,在西方殖民与经济全球化的浪潮中,中国以后进国家的姿态走上军事工业化之路。东方与西方、传统与现代、技术落后与工业自立,不可避免地交织在一起。引进与吸收德国克虏伯火炮技术是其中的一则典型案例。通过采购、仿造和使用克虏伯火炮的产品与技术,晚清快速建立起现代化的陆军、海军与兵工厂。在接受克虏伯技术时,新的本土技术常常表现得更适于转型的需求,因此本文称之为适用技术。借助它,或许可以更好地理解全球化进程中相关知识的连续与断裂,及其在技术本土化中的决定性影响。

China's change from traditional to modern military technology exerted a global impact,but the process was far from straightforward.During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,while Western colonialism and economic globalization were sweeping across the globe,China,as a latecomer,embarked on the path of military industrialization.This led to the inevitable interweaving of East and West,tradition and modernity,and technological backwardness and industrial independence.The introduction and absorption of German Krupp artillery technology servesasa quintessential example.By procuring,emulating,and employing Krupp artillery products and technology,the late Qing dynasty swiftly established modernized armies,navies,and arsenals.Moreover,China's acceptance of Krupp's technology gave rise to new local technology that proved even more appropriate for its needs.The localized technology is referred to as"appropriate technology"in this article.This concept enables us to gain a better understanding of the continuity and discontinuity of relevant knowledge during the globalization process and its decisive influence on technology localization.