能力视角下我国城乡居民相对贫困比较研究

Comparative Study on the Relative Poverty of Chinese Urban and Rural Residents from the Perspective of Capability Approach

脱贫摘帽不是终点,而是新征程的起点,在实现共同富裕的进程中,相对贫困将成为我国贫困治理工作的重点。利用分组结构方程模型对我国居民的能力进行估计,使用AF方法从能力和功能两个层面对城乡居民相对贫困进行测度和比较。研究发现:(1)教育能力存在代际传递,父母的受教育水平是对个体教育能力产生最大正面影响的外生变量。城乡居民能力、功能的实现受到外生变量的不同影响。(2)城乡居民的能力估计结果显示,城市居民教育能力、生活水平能力高于农村居民,但是农村居民健康能力显著高于城市居民。(3)从能力层面进行多维相对贫困测度时,农村居民和城市居民的贫困发生率分别为15.5%和17.7%;从功能层面进行多维相对贫困测度时,农村居民和城市居民的贫困发生率分别为26.0%和11.1%。城乡居民多维相对贫困广度以及不同维度贡献率存在明显差异,差异产生的主要原因是农村居民难以将自身潜在能力转化为更高的功能成就。研究为利用能力方法对个体的可行能力进行测度或者从能力层面进行相对贫困识别提供了理论基础,为根据相对贫困个体的特征提出有针对性的反贫政策提供了依据。

Poverty alleviation is not the end,but the starting point of a new journey.In the process of achieving common prosperity,relative poverty will become the focus of China's poverty management work.In this paper,the grouping structural equation model is used to estimate the capability of Chinese residents,and AF method is used to measure and compare the relative poverty of urban and rural residents from two levels of capability and function.The results show that:First,there is intergenerational transmission of educational capability,and the educational level of parents is the exogenous variable that has the greatest positive impact on individual educational capability.Second,the estimation results of urban and rural residents'capability show that urban residents'education capability and living standard capability are higher than rural residents,however,the health capability of rural residents is significantly higher than that of urban residents.Third,when multidimensional relative poverty is measured from the capability level,the incidence of multidimensional relative poverty is 15.5%for rural residents and 17.7%for urban residents.When measured from the function level,the incidence of multidimensional relative poverty is 26.0%and 11.1%for urban residents.There are obvious differences in the breadth of multidimensional relative poverty and the contribution rates of different dimensions among urban and rural residents.The main reason for the differences is that it is difficult for rural residents to transform their potential abilities into higher functional achievements.The work of this paper provides a theoretical basis for measuring the feasible capability of individuals by means of capability method or identifying relative poverty from the level of capability,and provides a basis for putting forward targeted anti-poverty policies according to the characteristics of relatively poor individuals。