裁判文书中的一般人假设

Assumptions on Ordinary People in Judicial Decisions

一般人假设在司法实践中被理所当然地普遍应用,在建构事实、续造法律的过程中发挥着重要作用。一般人假设是法律调整一般行为这一基本原理在个案中的具体阐述,是公正、平等、合理等价值在具体情境中的呈现。法官依托个案情境,对一般人的身心状况、认知水平、思维方式、行为方式等进行假设。这些假设欠缺统一的论述起点和内在逻辑,存在指向不清楚、内容不清晰、性质不明确等问题以及裁判规则地方化、个别化的风险。规范一般人假设的实践应用,一方面,需要从价值论、认识论、方法论等方面着手加强理论供给;另一方面,在理论探讨成熟之前,法官至少可以从说理的角度,尽可能避免一般人假设的误用或滥用。

Assumptions on ordinary people are widely used for granted,playing a vital role in constructing legal facts and laws.Assumptions on ordinary people are embodiment of the principle that law regulates general behavior,and such values as justness,equality and reasonableness.Judges make assumptions on health,cognition,thinking,act and so on of ordinary people,in the context of the case.These assumptions are lack of united starting point and internal logic.Subjects of the assumptions are unclear,while contents are ambiguous and nature is uncertain.There is risk of localization and individualization of judicial rules in these assumptions.In order to regulate practical application of assumptions on ordinary people,on one hand,people need to supply relative theories on axiology,epistemology and methodology;on the other hand,before these theories mature,judges may try to avoid misuse or abuse of the assumptions from the angel of reasoning.