制度严苛与皇权调整:清代嘉庆朝王书常案与官员处分研究

The Strict System and the Adjusted Imperial Power:the Research ofWang Shuchang Case and Official Punishment in Jiaqing Reign of Qing Dynasty

清代吏役舞弊为害不断,嘉庆十四年的王书常案即其一。案发以后,不仅书役等被处以绞斩之罪,涉案的户工部和内务府官员以及管理三库大臣也被予以处分。此案处分,既有吏部按照制度的严苛处分,又有以嘉庆为首的皇权对制度处分的从宽调整,最终使得官员处分处在一个可接受的范畴之内,由实降实革到虚降虚革,避免官场的大动荡。但是,皇权治理及其对官员处分的调整,却造成对处分制度效用的冲击和对吏治腐败的催生。嘉庆朝对案中官员处分的这种处理模式,不独只存在于嘉庆朝,乾隆朝和道光朝同样存在,反映出至少在清前中期这种处理模式的常态化。

During the Qing Dynasty,there was a succession of fraudulent acts of official servants,the Case of Wang Shuchang in the fourteenth year of Jiaqing Reign was one of them.After the case,not only scriveners and others were executed by hanging,but also the officials of the Ministry of Revenue,the Ministry of Industry,the Imperial Household Department,and the Minister of Management of the Three Treasuries were punished.In the punishment of this case,there were both strict punishments imposed by the Ministry of Personnel in accordance with the system,and lenient adjustment of institutional sanctions by the imperial power headed by Jiaqing.In the end,the punishment of the officials was within a reasonable range.From actual demotion,actual dismissal to false demotion,false dismissal,it avoided major turmoil in the officialdom.However,the imperial governance and its adjustment to the punishment of officials had caused shock on the effectiveness of the disciplinary system and promoted corruption among official administration.This mode of handling official’s punishment in this case by the Jiaqing Period existed not only in the Jiaqing Reign,but also in Qianlong and Daoguang Periods.It reflected the normalization of handling in this mode at least in the pre-Qing and mid-Qing Dynasty.