Gut Microbiome Variation Along A Lifestyle Gradient Reveals Threats Faced by Asian Elephants

The gut microbiome is closely related to host nutrition and health.However,the relationships between gut microorganisms and host lifestyle are not well characterized.In the absence of confounding geographic variation,we defined clear patterns of variation in the gut microbiomes of Asian elephants(AEs)in the Wild Elephant Valley,Xishuangbanna,China,along a lifestyle gradient(completely captive,semicaptive,semiwild,and completely wild).A phylogenetic analysis using the 16S rRNA gene sequences highlighted that the microbial diversity decreased as the degree of captivity increased.Furthermore,the results showed that the bacterial taxon WCHB1-41_c was substantially affected by lifestyle variations.qRT-PCR analysis revealed a paucity of genes related to butyrate production in the gut microbiome of AEs with a completely wild lifestyle,which may be due to the increased unfavorable environmental factors.Overall,these results demonstrate the distinct gut microbiome characteristics among AEs with a gradient of lifestyles and provide a basis for designing strategies to improve the well-being or conservation of this important animal species.