从“傈僳化”到“汉化”:怒江地区各民族交往交流交融的历史进程与特点

From“Lisu-ization”to“Sinic-ization”:The Historical Process and Characteristics of Communication,Exchange,and Integration among Ethnic Groups in Nujiang Area

怒族、独龙族是最早进入怒江地区居住和生活的民族。从明代晚期开始,傈僳族、勒墨人迁入怒江,与怒族、独龙族形成沿江交错杂居的分布格局。清代以来,傈僳族发展成为怒江地区的主体民族和统治民族,傈僳族的语言习俗和生产生活方式对其他民族产生强大的辐射和同化作用,怒江地区各民族的交往交流交融出现明显的“傈僳化”趋向。清末以前,由于国家政治力量的不足或缺位,怒江地区的社会生活和民族间的交往交流交融处于自然自发的状态。1912年民国政府“开辟”怒江后,国家治理力量直接进入怒江,怒江各民族的交往交流交融进入自觉自为的新时期。民国时期,随着怒江与内地联系的空前加强和“汉人”不断迁移或旅居怒江,“汉人”和内地的政治经济文化对怒江各民族的生产生活产生了广泛作用和影响,怒江社会发展出现“汉化”或“内地化”的特征与趋向。“傈僳化”和“汉化”相继并行,成为怒江地区民族交往交流交融和区域社会一体化发展的基本机制和途径。

The Nu and Dulong were the first people to settle down and live in the Nujiang area.From the late Ming Dynasty,the Lisu and Lemo people moved into the Nujiang River,forming a mixed distribution pattern along the river with the Nu and Dulong people.Since the Qing Dynasty,the Lisu people have developed into the main and ruling ethnic group in the Nujiang area.The language customs and production and lifestyle of the Lisu people have a strong radiation and assimilation effect on other weak and small ethnic groups.The communication,exchange and integration of various ethnic groups in the Nujiang area have a clear trend of“Lisu-ization”.Before 1912,due to the lack or absence of national political power,the social life and inter-ethnic communication,exchange and integration in Nujiang area were in a natural and spontaneous state.After the government of the Republic of China opened up Nujiang in 1912,the national governance force directly entered this area,and the communication,exchange and integration of all ethnic groups in Nujiang entered a new period of consciousness and autonomy.During the period of the Republic of China,with the unprecedented strengthening of the connection between Nujiang and the mainland and the continuous migration or sojourn of“Han people”in Nujiang,the political,economic and cultural of“Han people”or the mainland had a wide range of effects and influences on the production and life of all ethnic groups in Nujiang.For hundreds of years,“Lisu”and“Han”have been in parallel,which has become the basic mechanism and way for the exchange and integration of various ethnic groups in Nujiang area and the development of regional social integration.