经典名方中菊花的本草考证

Herbal Textual Research on Chrysanthemi Flos in Famous Classical Formulas

笔者从名称、基原、品种、学名、产地、采收加工与炮制、品质等方面对历代本草典籍中有关菊花的记载进行考证,并对其近现代文献资料进行梳理,理清古今关系,为含菊花的经典名方开发提供参考依据。菊花是我国观赏用、食用、药用植物,其别名较多,但历代多以“菊花”“甘菊”“甘菊花”之名记载于本草中。唐代以前,药用菊花主要采集野生品,有黄花和白花2种,其中黄花品种的主流基原为甘菊Dendranthema lavandulifolium和委陵菊D. potentilloides,白花品种的主流基原则为毛华菊D. vestitum和小红菊D. chanetii。药用菊花栽培始于北宋,由野生的甘菊、委陵菊、毛华菊和小红菊通过长期的种间种内杂交选育,逐步形成了现在的菊花栽培种D. morifolium。菊花传到国外后,外国学者开始用林奈的植物分类系统对菊花进行命名,1792年马蒂埃尔将菊花命名为Chrysanthemum morifolium并延续至今,历版《中华人民共和国药典》均采用此学名。宋代已出现“南阳菊”“邓州黄”“邓州白”等多个地方品种,至民国,药用栽培菊花逐步形成了“怀菊”“亳菊”“滁菊”“贡菊”和“杭菊”五大知名道地品种。亳菊从清末到现在一直是药用佳品。杭白菊茶用一直享誉中外,尤其是湖菊质量最佳。滁菊独具特色,无论药用还是茶用,品质均佳。贡菊也一直是茶用菊花中的佳品。菊花传统以农历九月采收,现今培育的一些新品种采收时间提前。杭白菊中的“胎菊”是现今提前采收未开放的花蕾的商品类型。菊花的产地加工,古代主要是阴干,现代有阴干、烘干、蒸后晒干,目前多采用热风烘干。菊花炮制,古代生用;现代仍以净选后生用较多,间或清炒(包括炒炭)等。因品种不同、产地不同、产地加工方法不同,菊花所含成分比例可能存在一定差异。因此,建议开发含菊花的经典名方制剂时,根据临床适应证选用不同品种、产地及产地加工方式的菊花。

To conduct textual research on the records of Chrysanthemi Flos in the ancient literature from the aspects of name,origin,species,scientific name,origin,harvesting,processing,quality and so on,and the modern literature was sorted out to clarify the relationship between the ancient and modern times,so as to provide a reference for the development of famous classical formulas containing Chrysanthemi Flos.Chrysanthemi Flos is an ornamental,edible and medicinal plant in China,it has many aliases,but it has been recorded in this materia medica under the name of Juhua,Ganju and Ganjuhua.Before the Tang dynasty,medicinal Chrysanthemi Flos mainly collected wild products,including yellow flowers and white flowers,of which the mainstream of yellow flowers was originally Dendranthema lavandulifolium and D.potentilloides,the mainstream of white flowers is D.vestitum and D.chanetii.The cultivation of medicinal Chrysanthemi Flos began in the Northern Song dynasty,and wild D.lavandulifolium,D.potentilloides,D.vestitum and D.chanetii were selected through long-term interspecies and intraspecies crossbreeding,which gradually formed the current cultivar D.morifolium.After chrysanthemums were introduced abroad,foreign scholars began to name chrysanthemums with Linnaeus's plant classification system.In 1792,Mathier named chrysanthemums as Chrysanthemum morifolium and continued to this day,and all the editions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia adopted this scientific name.In the Song dynasty,many local varieties such as Nanyangju,Dengzhouhuang and Dengzhoubai appeared.By the time of the Republic of China,five famous authentic varieties,namely Huaiju,Boju,Chuju,Gongju and Hangju,had been cultivated for medicinal purposes.Boju has been the best medicinal variety since the late Qing dynasty.Hangbaiju has been famous for its tea use,especially the best quality of Huju.Chuju has its own unique characteristics,and it is of good quality both for medicine and tea.Gongju has always been a good tea chrysanthemum.Chrysanthemums are traditionally harvested in September of the lunar calendar,but some of the new varieties cultivated nowadays are harvested earlier.The embryo chrysanthemum in Hangbaiju is a commodity type that collects unopened buds in advance.In ancient times,chrysanthemums were mainly dried in the shade,in modern times,drying methods include drying in the shade,drying in the oven and drying in the sun after steaming.At present,hot air drying is mostly used.In terms of processing,Chrysanthemi Flos was used raw products in ancient times,in modern times,it is still widely used,sometimes stir fried(including stir-fried charcoal).Due to different varieties,producing areas and processing methods,there are certain differences in the proportion of ingredients contained in chrysanthemum.Therefore,it is suggested that chrysanthemums with different varieties,origins and processing methods should be selected according to clinical indications in the development of famous classical formula preparations containing Chrysanthemi Flos.