经典名方中瓜蒌与天花粉的本草考证

Herbal Textual Research on Trichosanthis Fructus and Trichosanthis Radix in Famous Classical Formulas

通过查阅历代本草,结合近现代文献资料相关记载,对经典名方所用瓜蒌和天花粉的名称、基原、产地、品质评价、采收加工及炮制方法等按照年代次序进行系统梳理与考证,结果表明历代本草将其果实以“栝楼”为主流正名,“瓜蒌”为其音转,根或其根的制品自宋代《本草图经》以来,以“天花粉”为主流正名。均以葫芦科植物栝楼Trichosanthes kirilowii为主流基原。栝楼与栝楼根在汉代已分别入药,自南北朝《雷公炮炙论》,已经明确其皮、子、茎、根各自功效有别;瓜蒌以完整果实入药,九月至十月成熟后采收,悬挂阴干,近代以来总结其品质以成熟、个大、皮厚柔韧、橙黄色、糖性足者为佳;古代瓜蒌的炮制方法多为捣碎或连皮、子切丝,或将其加工为瓜蒌饼、瓜蒌霜。天花粉以根入药,十一月至十二月采收,除去外皮,晒干,其品质以入土深、块大、色白、粉性足、质坚细腻、筋脉少者为佳,并认为生于卤地者有毒。天花粉的炮制方法由唐代开始的做粉入药在明清时期逐渐演变为直接切片使用。瓜蒌及天花粉近代以来推崇的道地产区在河南灵宝附近,有“安阳花粉”之称,现代则有产祁花粉的安国,产长青瓜蒌的山东济南等知名产区。宋代本草中曾出现以瓜蒌子或瓜蒌仁代替全瓜蒌的习惯,后被明代本草纠正。基于考证结果,建议经典名方开发涉及瓜蒌及天花粉时选取栝楼T. kirilowii为基原植物;清金化痰汤的瓜蒌仁按炒法炮制,《古代经典名方目录(第一批)》中涉及该药材的另外5首方剂中的瓜蒌及天花粉均以生品入药。

Through reviewing the ancient and modern literature,the name,origin,producing area,quality evaluation,harvesting and processing methods of Trichosanthis Fructus(TF)and Trichosanthis Radix(TR)in famous classical formulas were systematically sorted out following the chronological order.The results showed that there were many nicknames of TF and TR,and Gualou and Tianhuafen have become the mainstream names for its fruit and root,respectively.Both of them took Trichosanthes kirilowii as the mainstream base.TF and TR have been used as medicines in the Han dynasty,and since the North and South dynasties,Leigong Paozhilun had been clear that the effects of peels,seeds,stems,roots were different.TF was used as medicine with intact fruits,harvested after maturity from September to October,hung and dried in the shade,and its quality has been summarized in recent times as being best for those who are mature,large,thick and pliable peels,orange-yellow in color,and with sufficient sugary properties.In ancient times,the processing of TR was mostly crushed or shredded with the peels and seeds,or processing for pancakes and creams.TR was used as medicine with the roots,it is harvested from November to December,peeled and dried in the sun,and its quality was best when it was deep in the soil,large,white,powdery,firm and delicate with few muscles and veins,and it was considered to be toxic when it was born in briney land.Processing method of TR was to do powder into the medicine in the Tang dynasty,and gradually evolved into direct slicing use in the Ming and Qing dynasties.Since the modern era,the authentic producing areas of TF and TR were in the vicinity of Lingbao,Henan province,known as Anyang Huafen,and in modern times,there are well-known production areas such as Anguo,which produces Qihuafen,and Jinan,which produces Changqing Gualou.In the Song dynasty,there was a habit of substituting Trichosanthis Semen for the whole herb,which was later corrected by the materia medica in Ming dynasty.Based on the results,It is suggested that T.kirilowii be selected as the basal plant for the development of famous classical formulas involving TR and TF.In Qingjin Huatantang,Trichosanthis Semen is processed by stir-frying method,while TR and TF in other five formulas from the Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas(The First Batch)were all used in raw form.