2023年春季气象条件对农业生产的影响

Impacts Report of Spring Weather Condition on Agricultural Production in 2023

2023年春季(3-5月),全国平均气温为11.3℃,较常年(1991-2020年,下同)同期偏高0.6℃,但波动明显。全国平均降水量为127.2mm,较常年同期偏少7.4%,为2012年以来同期最少;降水空间分布不匀,整体呈中部多南北少的分布特征。全国平均日照时数为634.6h,接近常年水平。2023年春季夏收粮油区光热充足、墒情适宜,利于作物穗粒数增加,形成大穗;但3月中旬、4月下旬陕西、山西、河南等地强降温、降雪天气导致部分冬小麦、油菜遭受不同程度冻害,5月末陕西、河南小麦遭遇严重“烂场雨”,阴雨时段与小麦成熟期高度重叠,导致成熟小麦出现粒籽霉变、穗发芽现象。东北春播区墒情总体适宜,春播进展顺利;江南、华南稻区播种育秧期间未出现明显低温寡照天气,但4月下旬、5月中旬的阶段性低温,使早稻返青和分蘖进程略推迟;四川南部、云南中北部发生中度及以上的农业干旱,影响玉米播种出苗、一季稻生长和烤烟移栽。

Based on the daily national meteorological data in spring of 2023,relationships between meteorological factors and agricultural production in China were analyzed using statistical methods.The results showed that the national average air temperature in spring of 2023 was 11.3℃,which was 0.6℃higher than the same period from 1991 to 2020,but with significant fluctuations.The national average precipitation was 127.2mm,which was 7.4%lower than the same period from 1991 to 2020 and the lowest since 2012.The spatial distribution of precipitation was uneven,with an overall distribution characteristic of more in the middle and less in the north and south of China.The national average sunshine duration was 634.6h,which was close to the same period from 1991 to 2020.The most summer-harvesting areas had sufficient light and heat during the yield formation stage,which was conducive for increasing the number of grains per ear and forming large ears.However,strong temperature drops and snowfall in mid-March and late-April caused varying degrees of freezing damage to winter wheat and rapeseed in Shaanxi,Shanxi,Henan and other regions.Wheat of Shaanxi and Henan experienced severe continuous rain in late-May,with the rainy period highly overlapping the wheat maturity period,resulting in moldy grains and sprouting of mature wheat.The soil moisture of spring sowing area in the northeast China was generally suitable,and the progress of spring sowing was relatively smooth.During the sowing and seedling raising period,there was no significant low temperature and low light weather in early rice regions,but there was a periodic low temperature in late-April and mid-May,which delayed the turning green and tillering process of early rice.Moderate to severe agricultural drought has occurred in southern of Sichuan and central and northern of Yunnan,affecting the sowing and emergence of maize,as well as the transplanting of one season rice and tobacco.