人体及生物体内人工合成麝香的全球分布特征

Global distribution of synthetic musks in organisms and human bodies

综述了多种人工合成麝香在全球不同国家和地区人体和生物体内的分布特征,并讨论了其生物蓄积性和毒性.结果发现佳乐麝香(HHCB)、吐纳麝香(AHTN)、二甲苯麝香(MX)、酮麝香(MK)在各生物体中的检出率都较高(检出率范围为HHCB:20%~100%、AHTN:7%~100%、MX:6%~95%、MK:3.03%~98%),开许梅龙(DPMI)、萨利麝香(ADBI)、粉檀麝香(AHMI)、特拉斯麝香(ATII)、伞花麝香(MM)、西藏麝香(MT)、葵子麝香(MA)的检出率低且浓度较低.检出率较高的4种人工合成麝香在各生物体的浓度水平依次为HHCB>AHTN>MK≈MX,HHCB和AHTN是人体和其他生物体内最具代表性的人工合成麝香,这与个人护理产品中人工合成麝香的使用模式一致,其次为MX和MK.从生物蓄积性看,人工合成麝香在生物体中的积累和代谢,不同地区不同物种基于脂重的生物富集因子(BAFL)变化较大.从毒性看,人工合成麝香对生物体生长发育有抑制作用,对鱼类生命早期产生较高的急性毒性,并且在多种污染存在的情况会导致联合毒性.在未来的研究中,应该评估低剂量的人工合成麝香长期暴露和复合暴露对生物体的影响,同时还要考虑人工合成麝香代谢产物的毒性,制定环境标准值或生态风险阈值.

The distribution patterns of various synthetic musks in humans and organisms around the world are summarized and the associated bioaccumulation and toxicity are discussed.Galaxolide(HHCB),tonalide(AHTN),musk xylene(MX)and musk ketone(MK)often have the highest detection frequencies in all organisms(HHCB:20~100%;AHTN:7~100%;MX:6~95%;MK:3~98%)while other synthetic musks such as cashmeran(DPMI),celestolide(ADBI),phantolide(AHMI),traseolide(ATII),musk moskene(MM),musk tibetene(MT)and musk ambrette(MA)have lower detection frequencies and concentrations.Being the most representative synthetic musks in humans and other organisms,the levels of HHCB and AHTN were consistent with their use patterns.The lipid-weight based bioaccumulation factor(BAFL)varied greatly among different species in different regions,caused by different metabolisms and tissue sampled.Meanwhile,synthetic musks could impose inhibitory effects on the growth and development of organisms,have acute toxicity in the early life of fish and produce synergic toxicity in the presence of multiple contaminants.Future studies might focus on the evaluation of long-term toxicity and combined exposures to these low-concentration synthetic musks on organisms.More attention should be also taken on the toxicity of metabolites.Furthermore,it is necessary to develop the relevant environmental criteria or ecological risk thresholds.