发展中国生态农业是实现中国式农业现代化的根本路径——兼论生态农业在我国兴起与发展的“前世今生”

Developing Chinese ecological agriculture acts as a vital pathway of the statespecifically agricultural modernization in China:a historical review of ecological agriculture movement in China

农业是支撑人类生命和永续繁衍的支撑产业,具有“生产、生活、生态、生命”“四生”属性。目前国内外流行的现代常规农业过多依赖化石能源投入,以单一的自由市场经济机制和工业化物质武装以实现其单一的经济收益目标,产生严重的环境和社会问题,农业的生态化转型十分紧迫。发展以农业生态学原理和系统科学方法论协同指导下的中国生态农业,是实现中国式农业现代化的根本途径。文章论述了“中国生态农业”这一作为与国情、农情相适应的生态农业体系之形成历史,提出其作为中国式农业现代根本路径的3个基本任务,即农业产业由纯商品经济的产业向生命保障的公共事业转型、农业生产由生态上的恶性循环向生态上的良性循环转型和农业经营从破碎链条向“种养加”“农工商”一体化转型;3个技术体系,即应用多维用地技术体系促进空间资源的高效利用、应用物能多级利用技术体系建立自净的生产系统和应用有害生物综合防治技术体系保障食品安全;以及3个政策机制,即加快建设农业生态学科,完善中国生态农业理论体系,完善农业生态补偿制度,全面兑现生态农业产品价值,完善国土空间规划,促进多规合一,保证监管有效。

Agriculture supports humankind’s sustainable existence on earth,exhibiting a complete spectrum of production,livelihood,ecology,and life characteristics.The prevailing model of modern conventional agriculture has made astonishing achievements in eco-nomic productivity but at the cost of ecological productivity because it was measured uniquely by market analysis under the ideology of neoclassical economics and equipped with manufactured materials from modern science and technology.Therefore,it is imperative to transform modern conventional agriculture into modern ecological agriculture,as instructed by agroecological principles and systematic science methodology,and the latter will be a vital pathway for state-specific agricultural modernization in China.For the sound development of Chinese ecological agriculture(CEA),the authors addressed three main missions,including transforming the agricultural industry from focusing on pure economic return to supporting public life,converting agricultural production from an ecologically vicious circle to an ecologically virtuous circle,and promoting agricultural administration from a broken chain to“croppinghusbandry-processing”and“agriculture-industry-service”integrations.The three technology categories include a multi-dimensional land use system for fully and efficiently utilizing the spatio-temporal resources,a material and energy recycling system for building a self-clean production,and an integrated pest management system for securing land and food.The three policy mechanisms include updating the theoretical system of CEA by promoting the agroecology discipline,fully realizing the eco-product value of ecological agriculture through the sound agroecological compensation institution,and ensuring the effective governance of territorial resources via unifying the spatial planning.