替代生物样品的绿色样品制备技术在法医毒物学中的研究应用

Research Progress of Green Sample Preparation Techniques to Substitute Biological Samples in Forensic Toxicology

法医毒物学是研究死亡案件、药物检测、运动兴奋剂等的重要学科,主要是结合现代仪器分析技术,对体内外未知毒物如安非他命、苯二氮卓类、大麻和阿片类等进行定性、定量分析。替代生物样品如头发、指甲、唾液、汗液、脑脊液等是法医毒物分析主要对象,与常规血液和尿液样品相比,它们具有易于收集、相对稳定和不易变质等优点。在样品制备过程中,为了达到消除基质干扰并进行预富集的目的,目标分析物与分析仪器应相互兼容。测定法医毒物目标分析物的常用仪器有气相色谱仪和液相色谱仪结合质量检测器。目前被广泛应用的是固相萃取技术和液-液萃取技术。此外,随着绿色分析化学的发展,至今已开发了大量的微萃取和微型萃取技术。简要综述了法医毒物学中替代生物样品的绿色样品制备技术的研究应用。

Forensic toxicology is a discipline related to death cases,drug detection,sports stimulants,etc.It combines modern instrumental analysis technology to conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis of unknown poisons in vivo and in vitro,such as amphetamines,benzodiazepines,cannabis and opiates.Substitute biological samples,such as hair,nails,saliva,sweat,cerebrospinal fluid,etc.,provide effective information in forensic toxicology analysis.Compared with routine blood and urine samples,they are easy to collect,relatively stable,and resistant to deterioration for a long time.At present,the common instruments for determining the target analytes of forensic poisons are gas chromatograph and liquid chromatograph combined with mass detector.In the sample preparation process,based on the fact that the target analyte needs to be compatible with the analytical instrument in order to achieve the purpose of eliminating matrix interference and preconcentration,solid phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction have been widely used,and with the development of green analytical chemistry,a large number of microextraction and microextraction technologies have been developed so far.The research progress of green sample preparation technology in forensic toxicology is briefly reviewed.