民国时期国术科学化新探——以张唯中弓箭学理论为中心

Reinterpretation of the Scientification of Chinese Martial Art During the Period of the Republic of China:Centering on ZHANG Weizhong's Theory of Chinese Archery

从知识史视野出发,运用多重史料互证的方法梳理近代国术科学化语境下的弓箭学知识脉络。认为:①民国时期涌动着强烈的国术科学化思潮,国术界以“体系整合”和“话语更新”作为创建国术理论的实践策略;②张唯中开创的弓箭学体系是国术科学化最具典范意义的成果,阐释了射箭的科学原理,并创立了科学的射箭训练法,其成果代表了民国时期国术理论的高峰;③张唯中的文本意识形态立足于调和“土洋体育”;④弓箭学体系因时代局限,在具体内容上存在认知偏见,但无损其整体学术价值。发掘张唯中的学术思想不仅有益于构建中国特色的射学理论,更有助于更新民族体育研究的学术范式。

By means of mutual demonstration with multiple historical materials and the perspective of"history of knowledge",the theorization process of Chinese archery is sorted out in a context of scientification of Chinese martial art during modern times.It is indicated that a trend of thought on scientification of Chinese martial art boomed in the period of the Republic of China,when physical educators devoted to creating modern theories for martial arts by two means:"systematical integration"and"discourse renovation".Also,the theory of Chinese archery invented by ZHANG Weizhong created a most successful paradigm for the establishment of the scientific martial arts.ZHANG not only explained the principle of archery scientifically,but also innovated a system of training methods for Chinese traditional archery,whose achievements were considered as the summit of the martial arts study in this period.In addition,ZHANG tried to reconcile the paradox between Chinese national sports and western sports,presenting this ideology in his discourses.On the other hand,however,there exists cognitive bias in ZHANG's theory due to historical limitation,yet he deserves an objective academic status.It will be helpful to build the theory of archery with Chinese characteristics and renew the research paradigm of Chinese national sports when the academic thoughts of ZHANG Weizhong is reinterpreted today.