Extracellular vesicles for neural regeneration after spinal cord injury

What is spinal cord injury:Spinal cord injury(SCI)is the damage to the structure of the bundles of cells and nerves that communicate signals from the brain to the body and extremities.The pathology of SCI includes both primary and secondary injuries(Morales et al.,2016).Physical forces such as compression,shearing,contusion,and tearing are major causes of primary injury in SCI.There are two main processes in primary injury:acute and subacute.The acute phase includes traumatic disruption of axons and hemorrhage of the blood vessels around the spinal cord.Hemorrhagic injury to the vessels can lead to increased edema within the neural and cord tissues,susceptibility to infiltration by microglia and astrocytes,excitotoxicity,and demyelination.Similarly,disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier results in the release of inflammatory cytokines from specific cells and vessels.