从“命令-控制”到“市场调节”的环境管制模式研究及启示——以美国酸雨治理为例

Research and enlightment of the environmental regulation model from“command-and-control”to“market-based instrument”——A case study of the historical transition of acid rain regulation model in the United States

美国酸雨治理模式的变迁过程在美国乃至世界环境与经济史上均具有典型意义。随着1990年“酸雨计划”的出台,美国完成了酸雨治理由“命令—控制”向“市场调节”模式的转变,也为世界各国在探索经济发展与环境污染治理的问题上提供了一个历史“范式”。在对美国酸雨治理模式的演变过程进行阶段性历史分析的基础上,从2种典型的环境管制模式的主要特征入手,阐释“命令—控制”模式最终被“市场调节”模式所取代的必然性,对于研究我国环境管制模式的转型问题具有重要意义。

The transition of the acid rain regulation model in the United States has typical significance both in the environmental history and economic history of the United States and even the world.With the enactment of the“Acid Rain Program”in 1990,the United States completed the transition of acid rain regulation from a“command-and-control”model to a“market-based instrument”model and provided a historical“paradigm”for countries around the world to balance economic development and environmental regulation.The transition of acid rain regulation models in the United States was analyzed from a phased historical point.The main characteristics of two typical environmental regulations models were identified,and the inevitability of the“command-control”model being replaced by the“market-based instrument”model was explained.It has great significance to study the transition of environmental regulation models in our country.