马铃薯育种技术的优化与新形势下的发展

Optimization on Potato Breeding Technology and Its Development Under New Situation

作为全球第三重要的主粮,马铃薯能提供比谷类粮食更加全面的人类所需营养物质,被称为“完美的食品”,优良的马铃薯品种对保障粮食安全和人类健康有重要意义。马铃薯的育种技术一直受到广泛的重视。综述论述了四倍体马铃薯传统育种的技术要点及优化想法,包括野生种的利用价值和导入技术手段,前育种研究的成功案例,四倍体传统育种中亲本选择、早代选择和种薯扩繁的技术要点。随着农业新技术的突破,杂交马铃薯‘优薯1号’表现出优良的农艺性状,马铃薯育种技术有了更多的发展方向。如何利用马铃薯营养繁殖、再生能力强等生物学优势,优化提升传统育种技术,如何在新的育种技术发展方向下建设配套技术,将是重要的研究课题。如何将快速发展的基因组和表型组等大数据分析技术、转基因工程技术、基因编辑技术等与马铃薯育种技术相结合,加速育种进程,高效获得目标品种是值得思考的课题。最后,综述通过成功的实例引发对马铃薯育种技术发展的思考,目的是优化当前马铃薯育种技术,加速育种进程,实现快速高效获得优良马铃薯品种,应对将来气候变化和人口增加造成的粮食短缺问题。

As the third most important staple crop in the world,potatoes can provide more comprehensive nutrients required by humans than cereal grains,and are called"perfect food".Excellent potato varieties are of great significance in ensuring food security and human health.Potato breeding technology has been widely valued.In this review,the technical points and optimization ideas of traditional tetraploid potato breeding were discussed,including the utilization value of wild species and introduction technology,successful cases of pre-breeding research,parental selection,early generation selection and seed potato propagation in traditional tetraploid potato breeding.With the breakthrough of new agricultural technologies,the hybrid potato variety'Upotato 1'has shown excellent agronomic characteristics,and potato breeding technology has more development directions.How to make use of biological advantages such as potato vegetative reproduction and strong regenerative ability to optimize and upgrade traditional breeding technologies,and how to build supporting technologies under the development direction of new breeding technologies will be important research topics.How to combine the rapid development of big data analysis technology(genomes and phenomes),transgenic engineering technology and gene editing technology with potato breeding technology to accelerate the breeding process and obtain target varieties efficiently is a subject worthy of consideration.Finally,the review triggers thinking on the development of potato breeding technology through successful examples,with the aim of optimizing current potato breeding technology,accelerating the breeding process,achieving rapid and efficient access to excellent potato varieties,and addressing future food shortages caused by climate change and population growth.