论段玉裁认定诗韵“古合韵”的原则与方法

On Principles and Methods of Duan Yucai's Recognition of“Ancient Gathering Rhyme”in The Book of Songs Rhyme

基于古本音与古合韵的本质特点及差异,段玉裁对古本音和古合韵的认定分别采取了根据押韵次数、参考谐声系列中其他押韵字或同韵(同部)字以及古音材料等办法。押韵次数原则只对多次押韵的字有效,在押韵次数少的情况下,则坚持押韵与古音参证材料相结合的原则。如果某字押两部的次数都不多或者只是偶尔单押某部,主要是将该押韵字与谐声系列中其他押韵字或同韵字做同韵(同部)系联,参考谐声材料来认定其本音与合韵,其次是参考异文假借等其他古音材料来认定其本音与合韵。段玉裁古韵分部和韵字归部中所蕴含的古本音思想及方法论,对今人进一步解决古音研究中的问题尤其是处理古音归部中的纠葛与分歧,都具有重要的指导意义。

Duan Yucai's recognition of characters'ancient original pronunciations and ancient gathering rhymes is based on their essential characteristics and differences,by referring to the rhyming frequency,other rhyming characters or characters with the same rhyme(of the same rhyme category)in the homophonic series,and ancient phonetic materials,etc.The principle of rhyming frequency is only effective for characters that rhyme multiple times.For characters rhyming a small number of times,the principle of combining rhymes with ancient phonetic materials must be followed.And for a character seldom rhyming with two rhyme categories,or only occasionally rhyming with a certain category,the recognition method is mainly to connect it with other rhyming characters or characters with the same rhyme(of the same rhyme category)in the homophonic series,by referring to the homophonic materials or other ancient phonetics materials such as the phonetic loan characters in different texts to identify this character's original pronunciation and gathering rhyme.The thoughts and methods of recognizing ancient original pronunciations implied in Duan Yucai's categorization of ancient rhymes and rhyming characters are of significant guidance for solving the problems in current study of ancient phonetics,especially for dealing with the disputes and differences in the categorization of ancient rhymes.