客观精神与绝对精神之辩——利科的理性解释学对黑格尔的扬弃

Discrimination and Analysis of Objective Spirit and Absolute Spirit——On the Sublation of Hegel’s Philosophy by Ricoeur’s Rational Hermeneutics

利科解释学的从“浪漫主义解释学”到“存在论解释学”最后到他自己“理性的解释学”的演进历程,与黑格尔对人类精神的主观精神、客观精神以及绝对精神的递进划分有着平行再现的关系。海德格尔和伽达默尔的存在论解释学立场对主体性形而上学以及一切形式的主观主义的批判,与黑格尔基于客观精神对主观精神和主观自由的清算十分类似,都强调了主观自由的抽象性、不自足性以及它对客观精神的归属性特征。利科的自身性解释学,作为一种“具体反思”的哲学,则把一种对于主体的“中介化”和“占有”、“考古学”和“目的论”开放的辩证法补充进存在论解释学的归属经验之中。这种“理性的解释学”实现了主观精神与客观精神的辩证结合,可理解为一种开放的“绝对精神”原则。

The procedure of Ricoeur’s hermeneutics which is from“romantic hermeneutics”to“ontological hermeneutics”and finally to his own“rational hermeneutics”parallel to and represent the three stages of human spirit—subjective spirit,objective spirit and absolute spirit—divided by Hegel.Heidegger and Gadamer’s criticism of subjective metaphysics,and all forms of subjectivism from the standpoint of ontological hermeneutics is very similar to Hegel’s liquidation of subjective spirit and subjective freedom from the standpoint of objective spirit.They all emphasize the abstractness of subjective freedom and the attribute of subjective freedom to the world of language and culture,to tradition and to objective spirit.Ricoeur’s hermeneutics of self,as a philosophy of“concrete reflection”,complements a dialectics of“intermediation”and“possession”,“archaeology”and“teleological”into ontological hermeneutics.Thus,Ricoeur’s“rational hermeneutics”realizes the dialectical combination of subjective spirit and objective spirit,and we can understand it as an open form of“absolute spirit”.