西方“先验哲学”之旅

A Journey of“Transcendental Philosophy”in the West

康德的先验哲学涉及主体和对象之间的认知、判断和行动等方面的本质关系,从柏拉图以来就开始了这种涉及主客体之间先验本质关系的讨论。康德通过三大批判建立起先验哲学的主干概念。费希特开启了一种立足于康德先验自我思想的“元先验”思考,谢林则明确扩展到对于观念的先验哲学和自然哲学的绝对同一的任务上来,直到黑格尔笼罩万有的逻辑学出现,至此康德的先验哲学改变了议题,成为精神运动,马克思则又将此议题改变为感性实践。胡塞尔的本质学则继承了康德的为科学奠基的先验哲学,通过意向性的视角将先验的东西扩展至无限。但当代心灵哲学的发展,破除了自笛卡儿以来的意识图景,这就使得康德至胡塞尔的先验哲学话语失效。经过这番扬弃,在描述现象学和无限情境相结合的意义上,先验的东西得以渗透到微观领域,获得了强大的生命力。

Kant’s transcendental philosophy involves the essential relationship between subject and object in terms of cognition,judgment,and action.Starting from Plato,this discussion involving the transcendental essential relationship between subject and object began.Kant established the main concept of transcendental philosophy through three major criticisms.Fichte started a kind of“meta-transcendental”thinking based on Kant’s transcendental self-thinking,Schelling clearly extended it to the task of absolute identity between the transcendental philosophy of ideas and natural philosophy,until Hegel logic appeared,which enveloped everything,so far Kant’s transcendental philosophy changed the issue and became a spiritual movement,and Marx changed this issue into practice.Husserl’s essentialism inherits Kant’s transcendental philosophy of laying the foundation for science,and extends transcendental things to infinity through the perspective of intentionality.However,the development of contemporary philosophy of mind has broken the vision of consciousness since Descartes,which invalidates the transcendental philosophical discourse from Kant to Husserl.After this sublation,in the sense of the combination of phenomenology of discription and infinite situations,transcendental things can penetrate into the microscopic realm and gain strong vitality.