美国产业政策的历史脉络、演进规律与政策启示

Historical Context,Development Patterns,and Policy Implications of U.S.Industrial Policies

2020年以来,拜登政府致力于提出一套体系化的产业政策理论,通过规则和补贴的制定,并综合各项干预措施将私人资本引向重点发展领域,引发了广泛的政策讨论。循此,本文从产业政策的主流思想、主要任务、政策领域和政策工具等角度详细梳理了美国在产业萌芽期、发展期、调整升级期和新发展时期的主要产业政策,总结了美国产业政策实践中的演进规律,并针对我国目前产业政策中的主要困境提出了相应的政策建议:第一,坚持自主发展的基本原则上保持战略定力;第二,着重功能性产业政策的运用,推进产业界自立的政策导向;第三,在政策表述、政策延续以及国际经济贸易规则的政策协调等方面借鉴美国经验;第四,注重公私部门的合作,增强官民协同;第五,注重产业政策的体系性与协调性。

Since 2020,the Biden government has been committed to proposing a systematic industrial policy theory that guides the direction of private capital towards key development areas through the formulation of rules,subsidies,and comprehensive intervention measures,which is sparking extensive policy discussions.Accordingly,this paper comprehensively reviews the United States'main industrial policies during the stages of forming,development,adjustment and upgrading,and new development,from the perspectives of mainstream ideas,primary objectives,policy domains,and policy instruments.This paper summarizes the evolutionary patterns in the implementation of industrial policies in the United States and puts forward corresponding policy recommendations to address the main challenges in the current industrial policy of our country.Firstly,it suggests adhering to the fundamental principle of independent development to maintain strategic consistency.Secondly,it emphasizes the application of functional industrial policies to promote a self-reliant policy orientation in the industrial sector.Thirdly,it advocates drawing lessons from the U.S.experience in policy articulation,continuity,and coordination with international economic and trade rules.Fourthly,it emphasizes the importance of public-private cooperation and enhancing government-business synergy.Lastly,it highlights the significance of systemic and coordinated industrial policies.