Fauna characteristics and ecological distribution of Carnivora and Artiodactyla in Niubeiliang National Nature Reserve,China

Niubeiliang National Nature Reserve(NNR,108°45p-109°04p E,33°47p-33°56p N)is located on the east-ern range of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province,China and spans the southern and northern slopes of Mt.Qinling.A transect survey and investigation were carried out in NNR to determine the fauna characteristics and ecological distribution of carnivora and artiodactyla from May 2003 to August 2004.The NNR has 18 mammals(carnivore and artiodactyl),two of which belong to the first class and seven to the second class of state key protected wildlife in China.The results of this study indicated that ungulates were abun-dant in the NNR,as all ungulates that were distributed within Mt.Qinling could be found within the reserve.However,only 45.5%of the carnivores distributed within Mt.Qinling were detected within the NNR.Among the mammals,there were 12 oriental species(66.7%),1 palearctic specie(5.5%)and 5 widely-distributed species(27.8%).The NNR is a crossing area of palearctic species and oriental species on the zoogeo-graphical regions,and it is a transitional area from the oriental realm to the palearctic realm.The results of the analysis on the ecological distribution of carnivore and artiodactyl in the area showed that their elevation ranges had large differences.The species whose elevation ranges above 1300 m,about 1000 m,and in 450-700 m occupied one third respectively.The results also indicated that species richness for the mam-mals in the NNR peaked at a middle elevation(rising at first,then descending with the increase in elevation).Not only on the southern slope,but also on the northern slope of Mt.Qinling,the number of species distributed in the area at 1800-2200 m a.s.l.was the largest(more than 80%),while the number of species distributed in the area above 2600 m a.s.l.was the smallest(about 50%).Elevation gradients of species richness for the mammals in the NNR also embodied the mammal distributions among the vegetation types.The number of species distributed in the mixed coniferous and broadleaf deciduous forest at middle elevations was the larg-est,while the number of species distributed in the broadleaf deciduous forest at middle and low elevations,subalpine coniferous forest,subalpine shrubbery and meadow was relatively smaller.