超越普惠与选择:我国“普惠与优待叠加”退役军人福利保障体系的理论基础

Beyond Universalism and Selectivism:The Theoretical Basis of“Welfare System with a Combined Universal and Selective Approach”of Veterans'Welfare System in China

为何需要为退役军人提供福利保障以及以何种方式提供是学术界与实践界关注的重要问题。《中华人民共和国退役军人保障法》明确提出建立“普惠与优待叠加”退役军人福利保障体系,但学界尚未深入讨论我国采取此原则发展退役军人福利保障体系的制度设计依据与学理基础。论文在评述国外社会保障一般理论和退役军人福利的主要理论视角的基础上,探讨了我国退役军人福利保障体系的理论基础以及发展“普惠”加“优待”福利模式的内在逻辑。研究发现,我国退役军人具有公民身份、退役军人身份、特殊优待对象三种身份,退役军人的多元身份塑造了我国多层次的退役军人福利保障体系。在中国情境中,退役军人的福利正当性来源于退役军人与党、国家、人民之间的“双向承诺”。由于退役军人的多重身份,我国选择“普惠”加“优待”的退役军人保障模式是合理的,是符合中国国情和实际需要的制度选择,为有效保障我国退役军人合法权益奠定了法律和制度基础。

Why and how to provide welfare and benefits for veterans is a critical concern in both academic and practical circles.“Veterans Support Law of the People's Republic of China”explicitly proposes the establishment of a welfare system that combines“universal welfare”with“preferential treatment”for veterans.However,insufficient attention has been given to the theoretical basis and rationale behind this institutional design in China.This article critically examines main theories on welfare justification and theoretical perspectives on veterans'welfare,analyzing the unique theoretical foundation of Chinese veterans'welfare and the inherent logic of developing a veteran social welfare model that overlaps“universal welfare”with“preferential treatment.”The study reveals that veterans in China hold three identities:citizens,veterans,and special target groups eligible for preferential treatment,shaping a multi-layered welfare system for Chinese veterans.The provision of social welfare to veterans in China finds justification in the“mutual commitment”between veterans and the ruling party,veterans and the state,and veterans and the people within the unique Chinese context.Considering these diverse veteran identities,it is reasonable for China to adopt the welfare model of overlapping“universal welfare”with“preferential treatment”for veterans,aligning it with the national conditions and actual needs,while laying a legal and institutional foundation for effectively safeguarding the social rights and interests of veterans.