扫盲与革命:陕甘宁边区的新文字运动

Literacy and Revolution: The Latinized New Writing Movement in Rural Areas of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression

抗战时期,为了扫盲,中共在陕甘宁边区推行了新文字运动,而这个运动大部分是在农村地区。然而,新文字运动在陕甘宁边区遭遇了响应与抵制的双重境遇。一方面,新文字易学易用的特征契合了部分农村群众希冀快速实现“文化翻身”的夙愿,受到响应与支持;另一方面,在战时环境下,物质需求远比文化供给更能吸引边区群众,加之字母式的新文字完全迥异于作为民族文化载体的方块汉字,部分边区群众出现排斥学习的心理。对此,中共通过新文字与汉字并举、干部示范、多样化教育引导等方式进行了调适,在一定程度上消解了政党与群众的冲突。中共推行新文字的过程,彰显了自上而下动员群众与自下而上群众运动相结合的动员逻辑,实现了政党与农村社会的良性互动。

During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,the Communist Party of China carried out the Latinized New Writing Movement in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region in order to eliminate illiteracy,mostly in rural areas.However,the Latinized New Writing Movement encountered the dual situation of response and resistance in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border area.On the one hand,the Latinized New Writing was easy to learn and easy to use,which was in line with the long-cherished wish of some rural masses to quickly realize“cultural emancipation”,leading to positive responses and support.On the other hand,material demand was far more attractive than cultural supply to the people in the border area when they were in the wartime environment.Moreover,the alphabet Latinized New Writing characters were completely different from the square Chinese characters as the carrier of national culture,and some people had a psychological rejection of learning in the border area.In this regard,the Communist Party of China made adjustment through the simultaneous development of the New Writing characters and Chinese characters,the demonstration of cadres,diversified education and guidance,and so on.To some extent,the conflict between the party and the masses had been resolved.The process of the Communist Party of China implementing the New Writing characters highlighted the mobilization logic of combining the top-down movement of the masses and the bottom-up mass movement,realizing the benign interaction between the political party and the rural society.