从“巴德尼事件”浅析奥匈帝国的民族政策

An Analysis of Austria-Hungary’s National Policy in Light of the Badeni Crisis

1897年的“巴德尼事件”是奥匈帝国决定在波西米亚推行新的语言条例,规定公务员必须都会说德语和捷克语所引发的社会大规模斗殴和抗议事件。这一事件表明奥匈帝国境内确实存在着严重的民族问题。为了团结整个帝国,哈布斯堡王朝依靠法令和军队,重点是构建共同的历史记忆,其中君主成为连接他们与帝国其他地区人们的纽带,并不断强化这一做法,将其变成传统和习俗。然后,改革教育和宗教事务。帝国不断的工业化和现代化也成为了对抗民族主义的利器。但由于制定和主导政策的是些自由主义者,这些民族政策并未能阻止帝国的解体,反而起了催化的作用,加剧了帝国的崩溃。

The Badeni Crisis of 1897 was a large-scale social brawl and protest triggered by the Austria-Hungary’s enactment of The Bohemian Language Ordinance,which required all civil servants to speak German and Czech.This crisis showed that there were serious ethnic problems in Austria-Hungary.The Habsburgs used decrees and the army to unite the entire empire,focusing on the creation of a common historical memory in which the monarch became the link between the Habsburgs and the people in other parts of the empire,and constantly reinforced this practice by turning it into traditions and customs.There were also education and religion reforms.The empire’s constant industrialization and modernization also became a powerful tool against nationalism.However,because these national policies were devised and driven by liberals,they did not prevent but rather accelerated the empire’s collapse.