西夏立国及夏、北宋“和与战”之气候因素研究

Establishment of Xixia and the role of climate in warfare between Xixia and the Northern Song Dynasty

西夏(公元1038—1227年)是中国历史时期西北地区重要的地方政权,国力相对弱小,但其存续阶段同时和北宋、南宋、金和蒙古等几个帝国政权长期并存,并通过频繁的战争使其长期稳居西北一隅,诸多学者都对其生存之道做过多种讨论。本文选取西夏实际上形成独立政权(公元982年)至宋室南迁(公元1127年)之前2个政权共存时段作为研究时段,从人类生态学的视角对其立国原因进行分析,并结合高分辨率的气候资料探讨西夏前期与北宋频繁发生战争的原因。研究认为:在研究期内,因自身条件所限,西夏重要生活所需不能自给,亦不能通过正常的贸易获得,在这样的生态压力下,西夏为求生存,选择在不断的战争中充实扩大自己的实力,进而实现以战养战,并最终立国。而相对温暖的气候条件则为盛极一时的西夏国发动战争提供了必需的物质保障。至于夏、宋间的3次最大规模战争,则可能源于气候环境恶化所引起的物资短缺及其所带来的社会压力,而其他战争并不源于环境状况恶化,可能是因为西夏内部的政治和社会因素。

Xixia(1038―1227 A D)was a non negligible local regime in Northwest China in the historical period of China.Its national strength was relatively weak,but its survival stage coexisted with several imperial regimes such as the Northern Song Dynasty,the Southern Song Dynasty,the Jin Dynasty and Mongolia for a long time,and through frequent wars,it settled in the northwest corner for centuries.Many scholars have made a variety of discussions on its survival.This paper selects the coexistence period of the two regimes from the actual formation of the independent regime in Xixia(982 A D)to the southern migration of the Song Dynasty(1127 A D)as the research period,analyzes the reasons for its founding from the perspective of human ecology,and discusses the reasons for the frequent wars between the early Xixia and the Northern Song Dynasty in combination with high-resolution climate data.Records of wars between Xixia and the Northern Song Dynasty were cited from credible historical documents.Each war record in the literature is regarded as an independent war,each independent war is assigned 1,the war frequency is defined as the sum of the number of independent wars in a year,and the war frequency curve is obtained.High-resolution paleoenvironmental records of lake and stalagmite or historic records from this area or surrounding regions were selected to give a solid climatic background of this time and space.Then,carefully contrast of the two series of evidence to check if there is some relevance between wars and climate.The research shows that due to its own geographic conditions,Xixia's life needs cannot all be self-sufficient,nor can it be obtained through normal trade,considering its poor relations with the Northern Song Dynasty during most of the time they co-existed.Under such ecological pressure,Xixia chose to enrich and expand its strength in the continuous war in order to survive,so as to support the war with war and finally establish the country.The relatively warm climate conditions provided the necessary material guarantee for the war of Xixia.As for the three largest battles between Xia and the Northern Song Dynasty,it can be attributed to the material shortage caused by the deterioration of climate and environment and the social pressure brought by it.Other wars do not stem from the deterioration of environmental conditions,which may be due to the internal political and social factors of Xixia.