自由市场的源流与批判——基于西方市场人类学的评述

The Origin and Criticism of Free Market——A Review Based on Western Anthropology of Market

自20世纪现代人类学诞生以来,人类学界有关市场的讨论集中表现为各类围绕“市场”书写的民族志研究,其问题意识包括对西方经济学中经典的“自由市场”预设及其理性不同程度的批判。尽管人们承认市场中多主体的存在,但当前有关“市场”的讨论依然更多被纳入西方主流的“自由市场”这一具有浓厚意识形态的经济学假设中,主要从经济学与管理学的宏观视角进行审视,而以波兰尼为代表的人类学者通过对西方社会内部的研究与分析,全面地反驳了这一自由主义概念,延续了经典人类学的三条支流对于市场的解读与解构。基于对西方市场概念以及市场人类学的理解,本文提供了更为丰富的市场解读,同时进一步梳理了市场与社会的关系,从而最终对“自由市场”的研究提供人类学的反思视角与批判工具。

Since the birth of modern anthropology in the 20th century,anthropological discussions about markets have focused on various ethnographic studies written around“markets”,whose problem consciousness includes different degrees of criticism of the classic“free market”presuppositions and their rationality in Western economics.Although it is admitted that there are many agents in the market,the current discussion on“market”is still more integrated into the Western mainstream“free market”,which has a strong ideological economic assumption,mainly from the macro perspective of economics and management.Based on the understanding of western market concepts and anthropology of market,this paper hopes to present and provide a richer interpretation of the market and further sort out the relationship between the market and society.