脂蛋白及其亚类在机体中的功能

Functions of Lipoproteins and Their Subclasses in Organism

脂蛋白是一类由胆固醇酯、甘油三酯、载脂蛋白、磷脂和游离胆固醇等组成的复杂球状微粒,作为血液中水不溶性脂质载体,在脂质的转运和代谢中具有重要作用。因粒径、密度和载脂蛋白组成不同,脂蛋白常被分为高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、中密度脂蛋白、极低密度脂蛋白和乳糜微粒。依靠不同的分离技术,脂蛋白又可被进一步细分为不同的亚类且功能各异。传统临床检测以高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和载脂蛋白等作为常规指标,并用于评价各类心血管类疾病的患病风险、发展状况和治疗效果。但近年来,随着对脂蛋白及其亚类功能研究的深入,常规指标已不能满足对心血管类疾病进行精准预测和高效治疗的需求,寻求更为可靠的评价指标变得尤为重要。对脂蛋白及其亚类功能的研究是解决这一瓶颈的关键所在,更有助于脂质代谢异常导致的高血脂和动脉粥样硬化等心血管疾病的治疗,也是拓宽其在营养、代谢、疾病等研究领域应用的前提。近年来,脂蛋白亚类一直作为研究的热点,除脂质运输和代谢外,不断有新的功能被发现。本文对高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、极低密度脂蛋白和乳糜微粒在机体脂质代谢中的功能进行了综述和展望,以期为脂蛋白亚类在营养、代谢、疾病等功能研究提供参考。

Lipoproteins,as water-insoluble lipid carriers in the blood and playing an important role in lipid transport and metabolism,are a complex class of spherical particles composed of cholesterol esters,triglycerides,apolipoproteins,phospholipids and free cholesterol.Lipoproteins could be classified as high-density lipoprotein,low-density lipoprotein,very low-density lipoprotein,intermediate-density lipoprotein and chylomicrons according to their particle size,density and apolipoprotein composition.Furthermore,depending on the isolation technique,lipoproteins can be further subdivided into different subclasses with different functions.In traditional clinical testing,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoproteins are used as routine indicators to evaluate the risk,progression and treatment effects of various types of cardiovascular diseases.However,in recent years,as the study of the function of lipoproteins and their subclasses has been intensified,conventional indicators no longer meet the need for accurate prediction and efficient treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Therefore,the search for more reliable evaluation indicators has become particularly important.The study of the function of lipoproteins and their subclasses will be the key to solving this bottleneck,which will help to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis caused by abnormal lipid metabolism.In addition,it is also a prerequisite to broaden its application in the fields of nutrition,metabolism and disease research.In recent years,lipoprotein subclasses have been a hot topic of research,and new functions have been discovered in addition to lipid transport and metabolism.In this paper,by reviewing and prospecting the roles of high-density lipoprotein,low-density lipoprotein,very low-density lipoprotein and chylomicrons in lipid metabolism in vivo,the reference for the functional studies of lipoprotein subclasses in nutrition,metabolism and diseases will be provided.