论非人类叙述者——以《10½章世界史》和《克拉拉与太阳》为例

本文试图在“非人类转向”的语境下探寻非人类叙述者现象的阐释路径,并具体结合朱利安·巴恩斯的《10½章世界史》和石黑一雄的《克拉拉与太阳》中的非人类叙述者,探究这一叙事策略的特征、意义以及阅读策略。在形式和效果层面上,非人类叙述者既是承担了叙述功能的叙述者,又是具有行动功能的人物,同时作为聚焦者还具有观察功能。在“陌生化”和“移情”的双重作用下,这些非人类的人物叙述展现了人类与非人类特征之间的辩证性张力;在意义层面上,读者在阐释非人类叙述者现象时所运用的“人类化阅读”和“非人类化阅读”阐释策略体现了人性的核心。通过“视角换位”,读者进入非人类叙述者的情感世界和认知视角,在陌生化效果的作用下代入体验人类与非人类彼此之间衍生的冲突或差异,从而实现对人性的审视以及自我伦理意识之反思,走出“人类中心主义”的藩篱。

The beginning of the twenty-first century witnessed a"non-human turn"in the Western humanities and social sciences.In this context,the paper tries to examine the conceptual framework and research emphases that are key to the study of non-human storytelling.It investigates Julian Barnes's A History of the World in10½ Chapters and Kazuo Ishiguro's Klara and the Sun,drawing attention to the way in which Barnes and Ishiguro use non-human narrators as well as their recurring features,meanings and reading strategies.On the level of form and effects,the non-human narrator is the narrator and the focalizer in the discourse world on the one hand,and the character in the storyworld who can narrate,observe and act on the other hand.As the result of a double dialectic of defamiliarization and empathy,non-human storytelling displays the dialectic tensions between human and non-human features.On the level of meaning,a synthetic approach to non-human storytelling by combining both humanizing reading strategies and non-humanizing reading strategies reflects the core of the human nature.Through"perspective exchange",readers enter the emotional and cognitive world of the non-human narrator,and experience the conflicts or differences between human and non-human,so as to realize the examination of human nature and step beyond the borders of anthropocentrism.