方言接触引发的语法化——从惠东客家话处置标记■说起

Dialect-contact-induced Grammaticalization——A Case Study of■in Huidong(惠东)Hakka

惠东客家话中的处置标记■是由“拌和”义动词经“伴随>受益>处置”这一路径语法化而来。南方方言中表“拌和”义的■在语法化程度上随地理分布自西向东呈自弱到强的趋势;而在客家话以东的闽语中,“和”类虚词的语法化路径正是“伴随>受益>处置”。因此,客家话处置标记■的产生应与客家话同闽语的接触有关,其机制是方言接触引起的语法复制。少数内陆客家方言岛中处置标记■的产生则受闽语接触及跨语言规律的共同制约。此外,■的本字可能是上古汉语“搅拌”义动词“挠”。“伴随(>受益)>处置”这一语法化路径在东南方言中的连续分布,或与方言接触导致的区域扩散有关。

■in Huidong(惠东)Hakka is grammaticalized from the verb“to mix,to stir”through the path“comitativebenefactivepatient”.The degree of grammaticalization of such■in southern dialects shows a tendency from weak to strong with the geographical distribution from west to east.Meanwhile,in the Min(闽)dialect to the east of Hakka,the grammaticalization path of function words like“he”(和)is“comitativebenefactivepatient”.Therefore,the production of patient-marker■in Hakka should be related to the contact between Hakka and Min(闽),and the mechanism is grammatical replication caused by dialect contact.The production of the patient-marker■in a few inland Hakka dialect islands is restricted by the combination of Min(闽)dialect contact and cross-language rules.In addition,the original word■may be the ancient Chinese verb挠(to mix,to stir).The continuous distribution of the syntactic path of“comitative(benefactive)patient”in southeastern dialects may be related to regional diffusion caused by dialect contact.