古汉语“过”在泰语中的演变

The evolution of Ancient Chinese Word Guo(过)in Thai

语言接触往往伴随着语言借用,古代泰语在与古汉语的接触过程中借用了不少的词汇。其中比较具有典型性和使用频率较高的古汉语借词之一是kwa:^(5),对应到汉语中即“过”字。本文借助古代泰语和古汉语书面文献与现代口语材料,从历时和共时两个层面描写了古汉语“过”字借入泰语之前、之后的情况。研究发现,上古汉语时期“过”就可以用“超过”义表“比较”义,但在中古汉语时期被“于”取代。借入泰语后,kwa:^(5)保留了“过”的基本功能,同时语法功能进一步扩张:一是从表“位移”义重新分析为表示时间先后的连词,一是表“超过”义语法化为介词差比标记并进一步重新分析为概数助词。

Language contact is often accompanied by language borrowing.Ancient Thai borrowed many words in the process of contact with Ancient Chinese.One of the more typical and frequently used Ancient Chinese loanwords from ancient Thai to modern Thai is kwa:^(5),It corresponds to the word Guo(过)in Chinese.With the help of ancient Thai and Ancient Chinese written literature and oral materials,this paper systematically describes the situation before and after borrowing the word Guo(过)in ancient Chinese into Thai from the two dimensions of diachronic and synchronic.It is found that in the Ancient Chinese period,Guo(过)can use the meaning of"exceeding"to express the meaning of"comparison",but it is replaced by the word Yu(于)in the middle Ancient Chinese period.After borrowing into Thai,it not only retains the primary function of Guo(过),but also further expands its grammatical function:first,it is reanalyzed from the meaning of"displacement"to the usage of conjunctions indicating the order of time;One is to grammaticalize the meaning of"exceeding"into prepositional difference ratio markers,and further reanalyze it into approximate auxiliary words.