清朝与浩罕互动视域下的回疆治理

The Governance of Altishahr from the Perspective of the Qing-Kokand Interactions

清朝与浩罕百年交往,时间上处于英俄等国大规模入侵中国西北边疆的前夜;空间上处于陆路丝绸之路的枢纽地带。由于浩罕所处地理位置及其强势的东方扩张政策和清朝统一新疆后的和平环境与宽松睦邻的对外政策,双方在喀什噶尔、叶尔羌等地发生了频繁的交往交涉。伴随浩罕不择手段的利益索取而引发的回疆西部多次动乱,促使清朝君臣多方寻找长治久安之策,在治理实践中不断探索、调整与变革,通过观念、边防、立法等领域的建构及重构,强化了“内”“外”之别,加快了以行政管理为核心的边疆与内地的一体化进程。清与浩罕以回疆为舞台展开的博弈与交锋,使中国内陆边疆从传统向近代转型的轨迹逐渐清晰。

The interactions between Qing dynasty and the Kokand lasted for_a hundred years.Temporally,it was on the eve of large-scale invasions of China's northwest borderland by countries such as Britain and Russia.Spatially,it was situated at the hub of the continental Silk Road.Because of the geographical location of the Kokand and its hard policies on eastern expansion,as well as the Qing's peaceful environment after the unification of Xinjiang and its lenient,good-neighbour foreign policy,the two parties undertook frequent interactions and negotiations in areas such as Kashgar and Yarkent.in face of multiple revolts in western Altishahr caused by Kokand's unscrupulous requests for benefits,the monarch and officials of the Qing dynasty were prompted to search for the solution of long-term peace and stability in various ways.Through constant explorations,adjustments,and transformations in governing practices,and constructing and reconstructing the area of perceptions,frontier defence,and legislations,the difference between the"interior"and"exterior"was accentuated,which accelerated the process of heartland-borderland integration that had the administration at its core.With Altishahr as their stage,the gaming and confrontations between the Qing and Kokand gradually elucidated the transitional trajectory from the tradition to modernity in China's inland frontier.