不同覆盖方式对旱地春小麦土壤水热及生长的影响

Effects of Different Mulching Methods on Soil Moisture,Temperature,and Growth of Dryland Spring Wheat

为明确不同覆盖方式对旱地春小麦生长和产量的影响,在西北半干旱雨养条件下,以露地无覆盖为对照(CK),设置了秸秆带状覆盖(SM)、白膜全覆盖(BM)和黑膜全覆盖(HM)三种覆盖方式,分析覆盖对旱地春小麦土壤水热、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,覆盖能明显提高春小麦各生育时期0~200 cm土壤水分0.8~0.9个百分点,且SM处理以开花期增幅最大,HM和BM处理均以灌浆期增幅最大;同时,SM、HM和BM处理能明显增加关键生育时期的土壤水分1.0、1.4和1.1个百分点。HM和BM处理下春小麦全生育期0~25 cm平均土壤温度较CK分别增加0.7和1.3℃,均以苗期增幅最大;而SM处理较CK下降2.5℃,降幅在孕穗期最大。覆盖能显著提高春小麦干物质积累量,SM、HM和BM处理相对于CK的增幅分别为19.4%、16.7%和31.6%。覆盖显著增加了春小麦产量,增幅表现为BM(18.5%)>HM(15.1%)>SM(12.1%)。由此可见,覆膜与秸秆覆盖均有利于旱地土壤保墒和增温以及春小麦的产量形成;从环保及可持续发展等方面综合考虑,秸秆带状覆盖栽培是一种更加高产高效的覆盖方式,更有利于西北旱地农业可持续生产。

In order to clarify the effects of different mulching methods on the growth and yield of dryland spring wheat,three mulching methods,straw strip mulching(SM),white film full mulching(BM)and black film full mulching(HM),were set up under the northwest semi-arid rain fed conditions,with no mulching as the control(CK),to analyze the effects of mulching on soil water and temperature,dry matter accumulation and yield of dryland spring wheat.The results showed that compared with CK,mulching significantly increased the soil water content of spring wheat at 0-200 cm by 0.8-0.9 percentage points at each stage,among which SM treatment had the largest increase at flowering stage,while HM and BM treatments had the largest increase at filling stage.At the same time,SM,HM,and BM treatments significantly increased the profile soil moisture in the key growth period by 1.0,1.4 and 1.1 percentage points,respectively.The average soil temperature of 0-25 cm in the whole growth period of spring wheat was increased by 0.7 and 1.3℃in HM and BM treatments,respectively,compared with CK,with the largest increase atseedling stage.However,SM treatment decreased temperature by 2.5℃compared with CK treatment did,with the largest drop at booting stage.Compared with CK,mulching significantly increased the dry matter accumulation of spring wheat,with the increase rate of 19.4%,16.7%,and 31.6%for SM,HM,and BM,respectively.The yield of spring wheat was significantly increased by mulching,with the increase rate ranking as BM(18.5%)>HM(15.1%)>SM(12.1%).Both film mulching and straw mulching cultivation are conducive to the formation of yield.From the perspective of environmental protection and sustainable development,straw strip mulching cultivation is a more high-yield and efficient mulching method,which is conducive to the sustainable production of dryland agriculture in Northwestern China.