山西忻州九原岗墓葬宅门图双柱构造现象考论——北朝壁画所揭示的建筑演化信息(上)

Research on the Double-Column Structure Reflected in Jiuyuangang Mural Tomb Gatehouse Drawings:The Knowledge of Architectural Evolution Revealed by Northern Dynasties Murals(Part Ⅰ)

文章围绕九原岗宅门图中双柱问题而展开,谨慎对待后世成熟大木作法式构造概念系统的诠释方法,从文献与实例中对照,视野兼顾国内外,结合特定时代背景,认为双柱形象存在历史因缘,在结构与空间方面属于土木混合至纯木框架递变背景下的特有现象,在礼序方面存在僭越动机,界面装饰范式上或与欧亚大陆丝路文化传播与糅合的北朝时代文化背景有关,抑或一定程度反映了北朝晚期内地的祆教火社与景教十字寺的具体细部形式。双柱实存的论断下,通过细查汉魏石刻与法隆寺金堂草架的重要细节,结合对用材与卯榫连接思维变化趋势的思考,推导了宅门图建筑可能的构架形式,与双柱屋身相匹配。此类双柱样式在后世趋于消逝,至于其消失的原因,从物质层面建构方式与思维的转变和观念层面等级礼序及其审美的变迁这两个层面作出了解释。宅门图特异的双柱样式,反映出早期建构思维的丰富性,揭示了建筑演变过程中易被忽略的页帧,也折射出独特的北朝建筑文化。

This paper focuses on the double-column issue revealed by the tomb murals.It,carefully treats the influence of the mature literary system of later officially structural carpentry.Starting with literatures and examples,and taking both domestic and foreign perspectives,it aims to reveal from details the richness of the images of early structural carpentry in architecture,and explores the process of architectural evolution.It is believed that the image of the double columns has historical reasons,which reflects the gradual transition of frame from a mixture of earth,rock,and wood to pure wood in terms of structure and space,and has an transgressive motive in terms of ritual order.Regarding the paradigm of the facade decoration,it may be related to the main background of cultural exchange along the Silk Road in Eurasia.On the above basis,the possible roof framing method has been deduced from the details of stone carving eaves in Han and Wei dynasties and the structural details of roof structure in Falong Temple Golden Hall,which matches the structure body of double columns.The disappearance of this special structural phenomenon is due to both structural and cultural factors.It is explained from two aspects:firstly,the architectural construction method and the change of thinking on the material level;secondly,the change of aesthetic standards in the hierarchical order and concept level.The double-column structural phenomena reveal a larger picture which helps to have a more comprehensive understanding of architecture history of China.